Human antibodies against tissue factor and methods of use thereof

ABSTRACT

Isolated human monoclonal antibodies which bind to human TF and related antibody-based compositions and molecules, are disclosed. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the antibodies, and therapeutic and diagnostic methods for using the antibodies.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to antibodies directed to tissue factor inparticular to human tissue factor, and uses of such antibodies, inparticular their use in the treatment of cancer, inflammation andvascular diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tissue factor (TF), also called thromboplastin, factor III or CD142 is aprotein present in subendothelial tissue, platelets, and leukocytesnecessary for the initiation of thrombin formation from the zymogenprothrombin. Thrombin formation ultimately leads to the coagulation ofblood. Tissue factor enables cells to initiate the blood coagulationcascades, and it functions as the high-affinity receptor for thecoagulation factor VII. The resulting complex provides a catalytic eventthat is responsible for initiation of the coagulation protease cascadesby specific limited proteolysis. Unlike the other cofactors of theseprotease cascades, which circulate as nonfunctional precursors, thisfactor is a potent initiator that is fully functional when expressed oncell surfaces.

Tissue factor is the cell surface receptor for the serine proteasefactor VIIa (FVIIa). Binding of FVIIa to tissue factor has been found tostart signaling processes inside the cell said signaling functionplaying a role in angiogenesis. Whereas angiogenesis is a normal processin growth and development, as well as in wound healing it is also afundamental step in the transition of tumors from a dormant state to amalignant state: when cancer cells gain the ability to produce proteinsthat participate in angiogenesis, so called angiogenic growth factors,these proteins are released by the tumor into nearby tissues, andstimulate new blood vessels to sprout from existing healthy bloodvessels toward and into the tumor. Once new blood vessels enter thetumor it can rapidly expand its size and invade local tissue and organs.Through the new blood vessels cancer cells may further escape into thecirculation and lodge in other organs to form new tumors (metastases).

Further TF plays a role in inflammation. The role of TF is assumed to bemediated by blood coagulation (A. J. Chu: “Tissue factor mediatesinflammation” in Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 2005, vol.440, No. 2, pp. 123-132). Accordingly, the inhibition of TF e.g. bymonoclonal anti-TF antibodies is of significance in interrupting thecoagulation-inflammation cycle in contribution to not onlyanti-inflammation but also to vascular diseases.

TF expression is observed in many types of cancer and is associated withmore aggressive disease. Furthermore, human TF also exist in a solublealternatively-spliced form, asHTF. It has recently been found that asHTFpromotes tumor growth (Hobbs et al. 2007 Thrombosis Res. 120(2)S13-S21).

Antibodies binding to TF have been disclosed in the prior art:

WO98/40408 discloses antibodies that can bind native human TF, eitheralone or present in a TF:VIIa complex, effectively preventing factor Xbinding to TF or that complex, and thereby reducing blood coagulation.It is disclosed that the antibodies may be used to alleviate thrombosesfollowing an invasive medical procedure such as arterial or cardiacsurgery or to eliminate blood coagulation arising from us of medicalimplementation. Further antibodies are disclosed to be employed in invivo diagnostic methods including in vivo diagnostic imaging of nativehuman TF.

WO04/094475 provides antibodies capable of binding to human tissuefactor, which do not inhibit factor mediated blood coagulation comparedto a normal plasma control. Human antibodies are not described. It isalleged that the antibody may be used for treatment of cancer.

WO03/093422 relates to antibodies that bind with greater affinity to theTF:VIIa complex than to TF alone. Use of the antibodies as anticoagulantin the treatment of certain diseases, such as sepsis, disseminatedintravascular coagulation, ischemic stroke, thrombosis, acute coronarysyndromes and coagulopathy in advanced cancer is proposed.

WO01/27079 discloses compositions and methods for inhibiting abnormalcell proliferation, particularly endothelial cell proliferation, such ascancer, abnormal development of embryos, malfunctioning of immuneresponses, as well as angiogenesis related to neovascularization andtumor growth. Many active substances, including antibodies, areproposed, but no specific antibodies are disclosed.

WO03/037361 relates to us of TF agonist or antagonist for treatmentrelated to apoptosis.

WO03/029295 relates to isolated human antibodies that immunoreact withhuman TF to inhibit the binding of coagulation factor VIIa. However, theapplication does not disclose a single example of an antibody havingthese properties.

A number of monoclonal antibody therapies are approved to treatdifferent tumor types, including e.g. bevacizumab (Avastin®), cetuximab(Erbitux®), panitumumab (Vectibix™) and trastuzumab (Herceptin®).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Although much progress has been made, there remains a need for improvedmethods of treating serious diseases, e.g. improved treatment of cancer,based on therapeutic antibodies.

It is an object of the present invention to provide novel highlyspecific and effective human anti-TF antibodies for medical use. Theantibodies of the invention exhibit TF binding characteristics thatdiffer from the antibodies described in the art. In preferredembodiments, the antibodies of the invention have a high affinitytowards human tissue factor, mediate antibody-dependent cellularcytotoxicity (ADCC), inhibit FVIIa binding to TF, inhibit FVIIa-inducedERK phosphorylation and IL8 release, do not or poorly inhibitcoagulation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Alignment of sequences of the antibodies of the presentinvention.

CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 according to IMGT are highlighted: sequences initalics represent the CDR1 region, underlined sequences represent theCDR2 region, bold sequences represent the CDR3 region.

FIG. 2: IgG4 sequences (SEQ ID NO: 113-114)

SEQ ID NO: 113: The amino acid sequence of the wild-type CH region ofhuman IgG4. The Sequence in italics represents the CH1 region,highlighted sequence represents the hinge region, regular sequencerepresents the CH2 region and underlined sequence represents the CH3region.SEQ ID NO: 114: The amino acid sequence of the hingeless CH region of ahuman IgG4

FIG. 3: Binding of anti-TF HuMabs to the extracellular domain of TF.

FIG. 4: Binding of anti-TF HuMabs to membrane bound TF.

FIG. 5: Inhibition of FVIIa binding to TF.

FIG. 6: Inhibition of FVIIa induced ERK phosphorylation

FIG. 6 a: Inhibition of FVIIa induced ERK phosphylation

FIG. 7: Inhibition of FVIIa induced IL-8 release.

FIG. 8: Inhibition of FXa generation.

FIG. 9: Inhibition of blood coagulation.

FIG. 10: TF-HuMabs induces lysis of Bx-PC3 cells by ADCC

FIG. 11: Deposition of complement components C3c and C4c on targetcells.

FIG. 12: Immunohistochemical analysis of binding of TF-HuMabs toglomeruli.

FIG. 13: Immunohistochemical analysis of binding of TF-HuMabs topancreatic tumors.

FIG. 14: In vivo efficacy of TF-HuMabs in established MDA-MB-231 tumorxenograft.

FIG. 15: Bleeding time determined in cynomolgus monkeys upon intravenousinjections of TF-specific HuMab 011. The antibody was administered onday 1 (0 mg/kg), 8 (1 mg/kg), 15 (10 mg/kg) and 22 (100 mg/kg).

FIG. 16: In vivo efficacy of TF-HuMabs in a prophylactic and establishedBX-PC3 tumor xenograft.

FIG. 17: Shuffle construct and TF domains

FIG. 18: binding of anti-TF antibodies to TF shuffle constructs

FIG. 19: Binding of HuMab-TF Fab fragments to extracellular domain ofTF, ELISA

FIG. 20: Binding of HuMab-TF Fab fragments to extracellular domain ofTF, FACS

FIG. 21: Binding profile of anti-TF HuMabs dependent on the number of TFmolecules expressed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The terms “tissue factor”, “TF”, “CD142”, “tissue factor antigen”, “TFantigen” and “CD142 antigen are used interchangeably herein, and, unlessspecified otherwise, include any variants, isoforms and species homologsof human tissue factor which are naturally expressed by cells or areexpressed on cells transfected with the tissue factor gene.

The term “immunoglobulin” refers to a class of structurally relatedglycoproteins consisting of two pairs of polypeptide chains, one pair oflight (L) low molecular weight chains and one pair of heavy (H) chains,which may all four be inter-connected by disulfide bonds. The structureof immunoglobulins has been well characterized. See for instanceFundamental Immunology Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y.(1989)). Briefly, each heavy chain typically is comprised of a heavychain variable region (abbreviated herein as V_(H) or VH) and a heavychain constant region. The heavy chain constant region typically iscomprised of three domains, C_(H)1, C_(H)2, and C_(H)3. Each light chaintypically is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviatedherein as V_(L) or VL) and a light chain constant region. The lightchain constant region typically is comprised of one domain, C_(L). TheV_(H) and V_(L) regions may be further subdivided into regions ofhypervariability (or hypervariable regions which may be hypervariable insequence and/or form of structurally defined loops), also termedcomplementarity determining regions (CDRs), interspersed with regionsthat are more conserved, termed framework regions (FRs). Each V_(H) andV_(L) is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged fromamino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1,FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (see also Chothia and Lesk J. Mol. Biol. 196,901-917 (1987)). Typically, the numbering of amino acid residues in thisregion is according to IMGT., Sequences of Proteins of ImmunologicalInterest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, Md. (1991) (phrases such as variable domain residue numberingas in Kabat or according to Kabat herein refer to this numbering systemfor heavy chain variable domains or light chain variable domains). Usingthis numbering system, the actual linear amino acid sequence of apeptide may contain fewer or additional amino acids corresponding to ashortening of, or insertion into, a FR or CDR of the variable domain.For example, a heavy chain variable domain may include a single aminoacid insert (residue 52a according to Kabat) after residue 52 of V_(H)CDR2 and inserted residues (for instance residues 82a, 82b, and 82c,etc. according to Kabat) after heavy chain FR residue 82. The Kabatnumbering of residues may be determined for a given antibody byalignment at regions of homology of the sequence of the antibody with a“standard” Kabat numbered sequence.

The term “antibody” (Ab) in the context of the present invention refersto an immunoglobulin molecule, a fragment of an immunoglobulin molecule,or a derivative of either thereof, which has the ability to specificallybind to an antigen under typical physiological conditions with a halflife of significant periods of time, such as at least about 30 minutes,at least about 45 minutes, at least about one hour, at least about twohours, at least about four hours, at least about 8 hours, at least about12 hours, about 24 hours or more, about 48 hours or more, about 3, 4, 5,6, 7 or more days, etc., or any other relevant functionally-definedperiod (such as a time sufficient to induce, promote, enhance, and/ormodulate a physiological response associated with antibody binding tothe antigen and/or time sufficient for the antibody to recruit aneffector activity). The variable regions of the heavy and light chainsof the immunoglobulin molecule contain a binding domain that interactswith an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies (Abs) maymediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors,including various cells of the immune system (such as effector cells)and components of the complement system such as C1q, the first componentin the classical pathway of complement activation. An anti-TF antibodymay also be a bispecific antibody, diabody, or similar molecule (see forinstance PNAS USA 90(14), 6444-8 (1993) for a description of diabodies).Indeed, bispecific antibodies, diabodies, and the like, provided by thepresent invention may bind any suitable target in addition to a portionof tissue factor or tissue factor FVIIa complex. As indicated above, theterm antibody herein, unless otherwise stated or clearly contradicted bycontext, includes fragments of an antibody that retain the ability tospecifically bind to the antigen. It has been shown that theantigen-binding function of an antibody may be performed by fragments ofa full-length antibody. Examples of binding fragments encompassed withinthe term “antibody” include (i) a Fab′ or Fab fragment, a monovalentfragment consisting of the V_(L), V_(H), C_(L) and C_(H)1 domains, or amonovalent antibody as described in WO2007059782 (Genmab); (ii) F(ab′)₂fragments, bivalent fragments comprising two Fab fragments linked by adisulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consistingessentially of the V_(H) and C_(H)1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragmentconsisting essentially of a V_(L) and V_(H) domains, (v) a dAb fragment(Ward et al., Nature 341, 544-546 (1989)), which consists essentially ofa V_(H) domain and also called domain antibodies (Holt et al; TrendsBiotechnol. 2003 November; 21(11):484-90); (vi) camelid or nanobodies(Revets et al; Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2005 January; 5(1):111-24) and(vii) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR). Furthermore,although the two domains of the Fv fragment, V_(L) and V_(H), are codedfor by separate genes, they may be joined, using recombinant methods, bya synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single proteinchain in which the V_(L) and V_(H) regions pair to form monovalentmolecules (known as single chain antibodies or single chain Fv (scFv),see for instance Bird et al., Science 242, 423-426 (1988) and Huston etal., PNAS USA 85, 5879-5883 (1988)). Such single chain antibodies areencompassed within the term antibody unless otherwise noted or clearlyindicated by context. Although such fragments are generally includedwithin the meaning of antibody, they collectively and each independentlyare unique features of the present invention, exhibiting differentbiological properties and utility. These and other useful antibodyfragments in the context of the present invention are discussed furtherherein. It also should be understood that the term antibody, unlessspecified otherwise, also includes polyclonal antibodies, monoclonalantibodies (mAbs), antibody-like polypeptides, such as chimericantibodies and humanized antibodies, and antibody fragments retainingthe ability to specifically bind to the antigen (antigen-bindingfragments) provided by any known technique, such as enzymatic cleavage,peptide synthesis, and recombinant techniques. An antibody as generatedcan possess any isotype.

An “anti-TF antibody” is an antibody as described above, which bindsspecifically to the antigen tissue factor.

The term “human antibody”, as used herein, is intended to includeantibodies having variable and constant regions derived from humangermline immunoglobulin sequences. The human antibodies of the inventionmay include amino acid residues not encoded by human germlineimmunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random orsite-specific mutagenesis in vitro or during gene rearrangement or bysomatic mutation in vivo). However, the term “human antibody”, as usedherein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequencesderived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse,have been grafted onto human framework sequences.

In a preferred embodiment, the antibody of the invention is isolated. An“isolated antibody,” as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibodywhich is substantially free of other antibodies having differentantigenic specificities (for instance an isolated antibody thatspecifically binds to tissue factor is substantially free of antibodiesthat specifically bind antigens other than tissue factor). An isolatedantibody that specifically binds to an epitope, isoform or variant ofhuman tissue factor may, however, have cross-reactivity to other relatedantigens, for instance from other species (such as tissue factor specieshomologs). Moreover, an isolated antibody may be substantially free ofother cellular material and/or chemicals. In one embodiment of thepresent invention, two or more “isolated” monoclonal antibodies havingdifferent antigen-binding specificities are combined in a well-definedcomposition.

When used herein in the context of two or more antibodies, the term“competes with” or “cross-competes with” indicates that the two or moreantibodies compete for binding to TF, e.g. compete for TF binding in theassay described in Example 6 herein. For some pairs of antibodies,competition in the assay of Example 6 is only observed when one antibodyis coated on the plate and the other is used to compete, and not viceversa. The term “competes with” when used herein is also intended tocover such combinations antibodies.

The terms “monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibody composition” asused herein refer to a preparation of antibody molecules of singlemolecular composition. A monoclonal antibody composition displays asingle binding specificity and affinity for a particular epitope.Accordingly, the term “human monoclonal antibody” refers to antibodiesdisplaying a single binding specificity which have variable and constantregions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. The humanmonoclonal antibodies may be generated by a hybridoma which includes a Bcell obtained from a transgenic or transchromosomal nonhuman animal,such as a transgenic mouse, having a genome comprising a human heavychain transgene and a light chain transgene, fused to an immortalizedcell.

As used herein, the term “binding” in the context of the binding of anantibody to a predetermined antigen typically is a binding with anaffinity corresponding to a K_(D) of about 10⁻⁷ M or less, such as about10⁻⁸ M or less, such as about 10⁻⁹ M or less, about 10⁻¹⁰ M or less, orabout 10⁻¹¹ M or even less when determined by for instance surfaceplasmon resonance (SPR) technology in a BIAcore 3000 instrument usingthe antigen as the ligand and the antibody as the analyte, and binds tothe predetermined antigen with an affinity corresponding to a K_(D) thatis at least ten-fold lower, such as at least 100 fold lower, forinstance at least 1,000 fold lower, such as at least 10,000 fold lower,for instance at least 100,000 fold lower than its affinity for bindingto a non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein) other than thepredetermined antigen or a closely-related antigen. The amount withwhich the affinity is lower is dependent on the K_(D) of the antibody,so that when the K_(D) of the antibody is very low (that is, theantibody is highly specific), then the amount with which the affinityfor the antigen is lower than the affinity for a non-specific antigenmay be at least 10,000 fold.

The term “k_(d)” (sec⁻¹), as used herein, refers to the dissociationrate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. Said valueis also referred to as the k_(off) value.

The term “k_(a)” (M⁻¹×sec⁻¹), as used herein, refers to the associationrate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.

The term “K_(D)” (M), as used herein, refers to the dissociationequilibrium constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.

The term “K_(A)” (M⁻¹), as used herein, refers to the associationequilibrium constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction and isobtained by dividing the k_(a) by the k_(d).

The present invention also provides antibodies comprising functionalvariants of the V_(L) region, V_(H) region, or one or more CDRs of theantibodies of the examples. A functional variant of a V_(L), V_(H), orCDR used in the context of an anti-TF antibody still allows the antibodyto retain at least a substantial proportion (at least about 50%, 60%,70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or more) of the affinity/avidity and/or thespecificity/selectivity of the parent antibody and in some cases such ananti-TF antibody may be associated with greater affinity, selectivityand/or specificity than the parent antibody.

Such functional variants typically retain significant sequence identityto the parent antibody. The percent identity between two sequences is afunction of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences(i.e., % homology=# of identical positions/total # of positions×100),taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap,which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identitybetween two sequences may be accomplished using a mathematicalalgorithm, as described in the non-limiting examples below.

The percent identity between two nucleotide sequences may be determinedusing the GAP program in the GCG software package (available athttp://www.gcg.com), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Thepercent identity between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences may alsobe determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller, Comput.Appl. Biosci 4, 11-17 (1988)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGNprogram (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap lengthpenalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. In addition, the percent identitybetween two amino acid sequences may be determined using the Needlemanand Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48, 444-453 (1970)) algorithm which has beenincorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (availableat http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a lengthweight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

The sequence of CDR variants may differ from the sequence of the CDR ofthe parent antibody sequences through mostly conservative substitutions;for instance at least about 35%, about 50% or more, about 60% or more,about 70% or more, about 75% or more, about 80% or more, about 85% ormore, about 90% or more, about 95% or more (e.g., about 65-99%, such asabout 96%, 97% or 98%) of the substitutions in the variant areconservative amino acid residue replacements.

The sequence of CDR variants may differ from the sequence of the CDR ofthe parent antibody sequences through mostly conservative substitutions;for instance at least 10, such as at least 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1of the substitutions in the variant are conservative amino acid residuereplacements.

In the context of the present invention, conservative substitutions maybe defined by substitutions within the classes of amino acids reflectedin one or more of the following three tables:

Amino Acid Residue Classes for Conservative Substitutions

Acidic Residues Asp (D) and Glu (E) Basic Residues Lys (K), Arg (R), andHis (H) Hydrophilic Uncharged Residues Ser (S), Thr (T), Asn (N), andGln (Q) Aliphatic Uncharged Residues Gly (G), Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (L),and Ile (I) Non-polar Uncharged Residues Cys (C), Met (M), and Pro (P)Aromatic Residues Phe (F), Tyr (Y), and Trp (W)

Alternative Conservative Amino Acid Residue Substitution Classes

1 A S T 2 D E 3 N Q 4 R K 5 I L M 6 F Y W

Alternative Physical and Functional Classifications of Amino AcidResidues

Alcohol group-containing S and T residues Aliphatic residues I, L, V,and M Cycloalkenyl-associated F, H, W, and Y residues Hydrophobicresidues A, C, F, G, H, I, L, M, R, T, V, W, and Y Negatively chargedresidues D and E Polar residues C, D, E, H, K, N, Q, R, S, and TPositively charged residues H, K, and R Small residues A, C, D, G, N, P,S, T, and V Very small residues A, G, and S Residues involved in turn A,C, D, E, G, H, K, N, Q, R, S, P, and T formation Flexible residues Q, T,K, S, G, P, D, E, and R

More conservative substitutions groupings include:valine-leucine-isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine, lysine-arginine,alanine-valine, and asparagine-glutamine.

Additional groups of amino acids may also be formulated using theprinciples described in, e.g., Creighton (1984) Proteins: Structure andMolecular Properties (2d Ed. 1993), W.H. Freeman and Company.

In one embodiment of the present invention, conservation in terms ofhydropathic/hydrophilic properties and residue weight/size also issubstantially retained in a variant CDR as compared to a CDR of anantibody of the examples (e.g., the weight class, hydropathic score, orboth of the sequences are at least about 50%, at least about 60%, atleast about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or more (e.g., about65-99%) retained). For example, conservative residue substitutions mayalso or alternatively be based on the replacement of strong or weakbased weight based conservation groups, which are known in the art.

The retention of similar residues may also or alternatively be measuredby a similarity score, as determined by use of a BLAST program (e.g.,BLAST 2.2.8 available through the NCBI using standard settings BLOSUM62,Open Gap=11 and Extended Gap=1). Suitable variants typically exhibit atleast about 45%, such as at least about 55%, at least about 65%, atleast about 75%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about95%, or more (e.g., about 70-99%) similarity to the parent peptide.

As used herein, “isotype” refers to the immunoglobulin class (forinstance IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgD, IgA, IgE, or IgM) that is encodedby heavy chain constant region genes.

The term “epitope” means a protein determinant capable of specificbinding to an antibody. Epitopes usually consist of surface groupings ofmolecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually havespecific three dimensional structural characteristics, as well asspecific charge characteristics. Conformational and nonconformationalepitopes are distinguished in that the binding to the former but not thelatter is lost in the presence of denaturing solvents. The epitope maycomprise amino acid residues directly involved in the binding (alsocalled immunodominant component of the epitope) and other amino acidresidues, which are not directly involved in the binding, such as aminoacid residues which are effectively blocked by the specifically antigenbinding peptide (in other words, the amino acid residue is within thefootprint of the specifically antigen binding peptide).

As used herein, a human antibody is “derived from” a particular germlinesequence if the antibody is obtained from a system using humanimmunoglobulin sequences, for instance by immunizing a transgenic mousecarrying human immunoglobulin genes or by screening a humanimmunoglobulin gene library, and wherein the selected human antibody Vdomain sequence is at least 90%, such as at least 95%, for instance atleast 96%, such as at least 97%, for instance at least 98%, or such asat least 99% identical in amino acid V domain sequence to the amino acidsequence encoded by the germline immunoglobulin gene. Typically, outsidethe heavy chain CDR3, a human antibody derived from a particular humangermline sequence will display no more than 20 amino acid differences,e.g. no more than 10 amino acid differences, such as no more than 9, 8,7, 6 or 5, for instance no more than 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid differencefrom the amino acid sequence encoded by the germline immunoglobulingene.

As used herein, the term “inhibits growth” (e.g. referring to cells,such as tumor cells) is intended to include any measurable decrease inthe cell growth when contacted with an anti-TF antibody as compared tothe growth of the same cells not in contact with an anti-TF antibody,e.g., the inhibition of growth of a cell culture by at least about 10%,20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99%, or 100%. Such a decrease incell growth can occur by a variety of mechanisms, e.g. effector cellphagocytosis, ADCC, CDC, and/or apoptosis.

The term “bispecific molecule” is intended to include any agent, such asa protein, peptide, or protein or peptide complex, which has twodifferent binding specificities. For example, the molecule may bind to,or interact with, (a) a cell surface antigen and (b) an Fc receptor onthe surface of an effector cell. The term “bispecific antibody” isintended to include any anti-TF antibody, which is a bispecificmolecule. The term “bispecific antibodies” also includes diabodies.Diabodies are bivalent, bispecific antibodies in which the V_(H) andV_(L) domains are expressed on a single polypeptide chain, but using alinker that is too short to allow for pairing between the two domains onthe same chain, thereby forcing the domains to pair with complementarydomains of another chain and creating two antigen binding sites (see forinstance Holliger, P. et al., PNAS USA 90, 6444-6448 (1993), Poljak, R.J. et al., Structure 2, 1121-1123 (1994)).

An “antibody deficient in effector function” or an“effector-function-deficient antibody” refers to an antibody which has asignificantly reduced or no ability to activate one or more effectormechanisms, such as complement activation or Fc receptor binding. Thus,effector-function deficient antibodies have significantly reduced or noability to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)and/or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). An example of such anantibody is IgG4.

The term “monovalent antibody” means in the context of the presentinvention that an antibody molecule is capable of binding a singlemolecule of the antigen, and thus is not able of antigen crosslinking.

The term “stabilized IgG4 antibody” refers to an IgG4 antibody which hasbeen modified to reduce half-molecule exchange (see van der NeutKolfschoten M et al. (2007) Science 14; 317(5844) and referencestherein, and also Labrijn et al. (2009) Nature Biotechnology, 27,767-771.

As used herein, the term “effector cell” refers to an immune cell whichis involved in the effector phase of an immune response, as opposed tothe cognitive and activation phases of an immune response. Exemplaryimmune cells include a cell of a myeloid or lymphoid origin, forinstance lymphocytes (such as B cells and T cells including cytolytic Tcells (CTLs)), killer cells, natural killer cells, macrophages,monocytes, eosinophils, polymorphonuclear cells, such as neutrophils,granulocytes, mast cells, and basophils. Some effector cells expressspecific Fc receptors and carry out specific immune functions. In someembodiments, an effector cell is capable of inducing antibody-dependentcellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), such as a natural killer cell, capable ofinducing ADCC. For example, monocytes, macrophages, which express FcRare involved in specific killing of target cells and presenting antigensto other components of the immune system, or binding to cells thatpresent antigens. In some embodiments, an effector cell may phagocytosea target antigen or target cell. The expression of a particular FcR onan effector cell may be regulated by humoral factors such as cytokines.For example, expression of FcγRI has been found to be up-regulated byinterferon γ (IFN-γ) and/or G-CSF. This enhanced expression increasesthe cytotoxic activity of FcγRI-bearing cells against targets. Aneffector cell can phagocytose or lyse a target antigen or a target cell.

The term “vector,” as used herein, is intended to refer to a nucleicacid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which ithas been linked. One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to acircular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments maybe ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additionalDNA segments may be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors arecapable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they areintroduced (for instance bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin ofreplication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (such asnon-episomal mammalian vectors) may be integrated into the genome of ahost cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby arereplicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors arecapable of directing the expression of genes to which they areoperatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “recombinantexpression vectors” (or simply, “expression vectors”). In general,expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often inthe form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and“vector” may be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonlyused form of vector. However, the present invention is intended toinclude such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors(such as replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses andadeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.

The term “recombinant host cell” (or simply “host cell”), as usedherein, is intended to refer to a cell into which an expression vectorhas been introduced. It should be understood that such terms areintended to refer not only to the particular subject cell, but also tothe progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur insucceeding generations due to either mutation or environmentalinfluences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parentcell, but are still included within the scope of the term “host cell” asused herein. Recombinant host cells include, for example, transfectomas,such as CHO cells, HEK293 cells, NS/0 cells, and lymphocytic cells.

The term “transfectoma”, as used herein, includes recombinant eukaryotichost cells expressing the antibody, such as CHO cells, NS/0 cells,HEK293 cells, plant cells, or fungi, including yeast cells.

The term “transgenic non-human animal” refers to a non-human animalhaving a genome comprising one or more human heavy and/or light chaintransgenes or transchromosomes (either integrated or non-integrated intothe animal's natural genomic DNA) and which is capable of expressingfully human antibodies. For example, a transgenic mouse can have a humanlight chain transgene and either a human heavy chain transgene or humanheavy chain transchromosome, such that the mouse produces human anti-TFantibodies when immunized with TF antigen and/or cells expressing TF.The human heavy chain transgene may be integrated into the chromosomalDNA of the mouse, as is the case for transgenic mice, for instance HuMAbmice, such as HCo7 or HCo12 mice, or the human heavy chain transgene maybe maintained extrachromosomally, as is the case for transchromosomal KMmice as described in WO02/43478. Such transgenic and transchromosomalmice (collectively referred to herein as “transgenic mice”) are capableof producing multiple isotypes of human monoclonal antibodies to a givenantigen (such as IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and/or IgE) by undergoing V-D-Jrecombination and isotype switching. Transgenic, nonhuman animal canalso be used for production of antibodies against a specific antigen byintroducing genes encoding such specific antibody, for example byoperatively linking the genes to a gene which is expressed in the milkof the animal.

“Treatment” refers to the administration of an effective amount of atherapeutically active compound of the present invention with thepurpose of easing, ameliorating, arresting or eradicating (curing)symptoms or disease states.

An “effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and forperiods of time necessary, to achieve a desired therapeutic result. Atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-TF antibody may varyaccording to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight ofthe individual, and the ability of the anti-TF antibody to elicit adesired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amountis also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the antibody orantibody portion are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficialeffects.

An “anti-idiotypic” (Id) antibody is an antibody which recognizes uniquedeterminants generally associated with the antigen-binding site of anantibody.

Further Aspects and Embodiments of the Invention

As described above, in a first aspect, the invention relates to a humanantibody which binds human Tissue Factor.

In one embodiment, the antibody binds to the extracellular domain ofTissue Factor with an apparent affinity (EC₅₀) of 3 nM or less, such as0.50 nM or less, e.g. 0.35 nM or less, such as 0.20 nM or less, e.g. 0.1nM or less, when determined as described in the assay in Example 13.

In another embodiment, the antibody binds to mammalian cells expressingTissue Factor, such as A431 cells transfected with a construct encodingTissue Factor, preferably with an apparent affinity (EC₅₀) of 10 nM orless, e.g. 8 nM or less, such as 5 nM or less, e.g. 2 nM or less, suchas 1 nM or less, e.g. 0.5 nM or less, such as 0.3 nM or less, whendetermined as described in the assay in Example 14.

In another embodiment, the antibody is capable of inducingantibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in A431 cells, preferably withan EC₅₀ value of 2 nM or less, e.g. 1 nM or less, such as 0.7 nM or lessor 0.3 nM or less, such as 0.2 nM or less, or 0.1 nM or less, or 0.05 nMor less, when determined as described in the assay in Example 20.

In another embodiment, the antibody is effective in inhibiting growth ofestablished MDA-MB-231 tumors, when determined by the method describedin Example 24 and/or in inhibiting growth of established BxPC3 tumors,when determined by the method described in Example 26.

In another embodiment, the antibody inhibits tissue factor induced bloodcoagulation, preferably with a median inhibition concentration of lessthan 10 nM, such as less than 5 nM, e.g. less than 2 nM, such as lessthan 1 nM when determined as described in the assay in Example 19.

In another embodiment, the antibody does not inhibit coagulation. In anembodiment the coagulation is inhibited with a maximum of 30%, such as25%, such as 20%, such as 15%, such as 10% or such as 5% compared tonative level.

In a further embodiment, the antibody inhibits FVIIa binding to TissueFactor, preferably with a maximum inhibition value of inhibition of morethan 80%, such as more than 90% when determined as described in theassay in Example 15.

In a further embodiment, the antibody inhibits FVIIa-induced IL-8release by MDA-MB-231 cells, preferably with a maximum inhibition valueof inhibition of more than 40%, such as more than 50%, e.g. more than60%, when determined in as described in the assay in Example 17.

In a further embodiment, the antibody inhibits conversion of FX into FXaby the TF/FVIIa complex, preferably by less than 50%, e.g. less than40%, such as in the range of 1-30%, when determined as described in theassay in Example 18.

In a further embodiment, the antibody competes for Tissue Factor bindingwith an antibody comprising a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQID NO:9 and a VL region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:65.

In a further embodiment, the binding of the antibody of the invention toTissue Factor does not involve all three of the following residues: W inposition 45, K in position 46 or Y in position 94 of Tissue Factor. Inan even further embodiment, the binding does not involve any of thefollowing residues: W in position 45, K in position 46 or Y in position94 (these number refer to mature TF, the equivalent positions in Genbankentry NP_(—)001984 are 77, 78 and 126).

In another embodiment of the antibody of the invention, the antibodycompetes for Tissue Factor binding with an antibody comprising a VHregion comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 and a VL regioncomprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:93.

In a further embodiment, the antibody inhibits FVIIa induced ERKphosphorylation, preferably with a median inhibition concentration ofless than 10 nM, such as less than 5 nM, e.g. less than 2 nM whendetermined as described in the assay in Example 16.

In a further embodiment, the antibody inhibits ERK phosphorylationpreferably with a median inhibition concentration of less than 10 nM,such as less than 5 nM, e.g. less than 2 nM when determined as describedin the assay in Example 16 and do not inhibit FVII induced IL-8 releaseas described in the assay in Example 17 by more than maximum 10% In afurther embodiment, the antibody is capable of inducing C3c and C4cdeposition, preferably wherein the antibody is capable of inducing C3cand C4c deposition as determined in Example 21.

In a further embodiment, the antibody Fab fragments binds to theextracellular domain of tissue factor as described in example 28 with anEC50 value of below 0.1 μg/mL., such as below 0.05 μg/mL., e.g. below0.04 μg/mL. as measured by ELISA.

In a further embodiment, the antibody Fab fragments binds to theextracellular domain of tissue factor as described in example 28 with anEC50 value of above 1.0 μg/mL. as measured by ELISA.

In a further embodiment, the antibody Fab fragments binds to theextracellular domain of tissue factor as described in example 28 with anEC50 value of below 10 μg/mL, such as below 1 μg/mL, e.g. below 0.5μg/mL, or below 0.2 μg/mL.

In a further embodiment, the antibody binds to human tissue factor andnot murine tissue factor and shows reduced binding as compared tobinding to human TF to the shuffle construct 42-84 mm, containing thehuman sequence for TF except for amino acid 42-84, which has beenreplaced with mouse sequence, as described in example 27.

In a further embodiment, the antibody binds to human tissue factor andnot murine tissue factor and shows reduced binding as compared tobinding to human TF to the shuffle construct 85-122, containing thehuman sequence for TF except for amino acid 85-122, which has beenreplaced with mouse sequence, as described in example 27.

In a further embodiment, the antibody binds to human tissue factor andnot murine tissue factor and shows reduced binding as compared tobinding to human TF to the shuffle construct 123-137 mm containing thehuman sequence for TF except for amino acid 123-137, which has beenreplaced with mouse sequence, as described in example 27.

In a further embodiment, the antibody binds to human tissue factor andnot murine tissue factor and shows reduced binding as compared tobinding to human TF to the shuffle construct 185-225 mm containing thehuman sequence for TF except for amino acid 185-225, which has beenreplaced with mouse sequence, as described in example 27.

In a further embodiment, the antibody binds to human tissue factor andnot murine tissue factor and shows reduced binding as compared tobinding to human TF to both the shuffle construct 226-250 mm containingthe human sequence for TF except for amino acid 226-250, which has beenreplaced with mouse sequence, as described in example 27.

In a further embodiment, the antibody shows reduced binding as comparedto binding to human TF to more than one shuffle construct. In anembodiment an antibody shows reduced binding to construct 42-84 mm aswell as to 85-122 mm. In an embodiment an antibody shows reduced bindingto 123-137 mm as well as to construct 185-225 mm. In an embodiment anantibody shows reduced binding to construct 123-137 mm as well as toconstruct 185-225 mm and further to construct 226-250 mm.

In a further embodiment, the antibody is capable of inducing C3c and C4cdeposition, preferably wherein the antibody is capable of inducing C3cand C4c deposition as determined in Example 21.

In one embodiment of the antibody of the invention, said antibody

competes for Tissue Factor binding with an antibody comprising a VHregion comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 and a VL region comprisingthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:65, and

does not compete for Tissue Factor binding with an antibody comprising aVH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 and a VL regioncomprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:93.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VH CDR3 region having

-   -   a) the sequence as set forth in        -   SEQ ID No: 12,        -   SEQ ID No: 16,        -   SEQ ID No: 20,        -   SEQ ID No: 24,        -   SEQ ID No: 28,    -   or    -   b) a variant of any of said sequences, such as a variant having        at most 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino-acid modifications, preferably        substitutions, such as conservative substitutions.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VH CDR3 region havingthe sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or a variant thereof, whereinthe variant comprises modification in one or more of the positions 2, 3,6, 9 and 11, preferably where the modification is a substitution, morepreferably where the substitution is selected from the group consistingof

-   -   a. R is substituted with K when in position 2,    -   b. S is substituted with A or T when in position 3,    -   c. G is substituted with T when in position 6,    -   d. L is substituted with F when in position 9, and    -   e. S is substituted with Y when in position 11.

In another embodiment, the antibody comprises:

-   -   a) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:10, 11 and 12 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:66, 67 and 68,    -   b) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:14, 15 and 16 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:70, 71 and 72,    -   c) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:18, 19, 20 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:74, 75 and 76,    -   d) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:22, 23 and 24 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:78, 79 and 80,    -   e) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO: 26, 27 and 28 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO: 82, 83 and 84, or    -   f) a variant of any of said antibodies, wherein said variant        preferably has at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, more        preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as conservative        amino-acid substitutions in said sequences.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VH having

-   -   a) at least 80% identity, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, or        at least 98% or 100% identity to a VH region sequence selected        from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:9, 13, 17, 21 and 25, or    -   b) at most 20, such as 15, or 10, or 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid        modifications, more preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as        conservative amino-acid substitutions as compared to a VH region        sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:9, 13,        17, 21, 21 and 25.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VL having

-   -   a) at least 80% identity, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, or        at least 98% or 100% identity to a VL region sequence selected        from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:65, 69, 73, 77 and 81,        or    -   b) at most 20, such as 15, or 10, or 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid        modifications, more preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as        conservative amino-acid substitutions as compared to a VH region        sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:65,        69, 73, 77 and 81.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises:

-   -   a) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65,    -   b) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:69,    -   c) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:17 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:73,    -   d) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:77,    -   e) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:81, or    -   f) a variant of any of said antibodies, wherein said variant        preferably has at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, more        preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as conservative        amino-acid substitutions in said sequences.

In a further embodiment, the antibody

-   -   competes for Tissue Factor binding with an antibody comprising a        VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 and a VL region        comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:65, and    -   competes for Tissue Factor binding with an antibody comprising a        VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:93.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VH CDR3 region having

-   -   a) the sequence as set forth in        -   SEQ ID No: 8,        -   SEQ ID No: 52,    -   or    -   b) a variant of any of said sequences, such as a variant having        at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, preferably        substitutions, such as conservative substitutions.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises:

-   -   a) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:6, 7 and 8 and a    -   VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:62, 63 and 64,    -   b) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:50, 51 and 52 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:106, 107 and 108, or    -   c) a variant of any of said antibodies, wherein said variant        preferably has at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, more        preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as conservative        amino-acid substitutions in said sequences.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VH having

-   -   a) at least 80% identity, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, or        at least 98% or 100% identity to a VH region sequence selected        from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:5 and 49, or    -   b) at most 20, such as 15, or 10, or 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid        modifications, more preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as        conservative amino-acid substitutions as compared to a VH region        sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:5 and        49.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VL having

-   -   c) at least 80% identity, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, or        at least 98% or 100% identity to a VL region sequence selected        from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 61 and 105, or    -   d) at most 20, such as 15, or 10, or 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid        modifications, more preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as        conservative amino-acid substitutions as compared to a VH region        sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:61 and        105.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises:

-   -   a) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:61,    -   b) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:49 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:105, or    -   c) a variant of any of said antibodies, wherein said variant        preferably has at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, more        preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as conservative        amino-acid substitutions in said sequences.

In a further embodiment, the antibody

-   -   does not compete for Tissue Factor binding with an antibody        comprising a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:9        and a VL region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:65, and    -   competes for Tissue Factor binding with an antibody comprising a        VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:93.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VH CDR3 region having

-   -   a) the sequence as set forth in        -   SEQ ID No: 32,        -   SEQ ID No: 36,        -   SEQ ID No: 40,        -   SEQ ID No: 56,    -   or    -   b) a variant of any of said sequences, such as a variant having        at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, preferably        substitutions, such as conservative substitutions.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises:

-   -   a) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO: 30, 31 and 32 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO: 86, 87 and 88,    -   b) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:34, 35 and 36 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:90, 91 and 92,    -   c) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:38, 39 and 40 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:94, 95 and 96,    -   d) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:54, 55 and 56 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:110, 11 and 112, or    -   e) a variant of any of said antibodies, wherein said variant        preferably has at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, more        preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as conservative        amino-acid substitutions in said sequences.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VH having

-   -   a) at least 80% identity, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, or        at least 98% or 100% identity to a VH region sequence selected        from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:29, 33, 37 and 53, or    -   b) at most 20, such as 15, or 10, or 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid        modifications, more preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as        conservative amino-acid substitutions as compared to a VH region        sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:29,        33, 37 and 53.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VL having

-   -   a) at least 80% identity, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, or        at least 98% or 100% identity to a VL region sequence selected        from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:85, 89, 93 and 109, or    -   b) at most 20, such as 15, or 10, or 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid        modifications, more preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as        conservative amino-acid substitutions as compared to a VH region        sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:85,        89, 93 and 109.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises:

-   -   a) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:85,    -   b) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:33 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:89,    -   c) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:93,    -   d) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:53 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:109, or    -   e) a variant of any of said antibodies, wherein said variant        preferably has at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, more        preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as conservative        amino-acid substitutions in said sequences.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises antibody competes forTissue Factor binding with an antibody comprising a VH region comprisingthe sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 and a VL region comprising the sequence ofSEQ ID NO:97.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VH CDR3 region having

-   -   a) the sequence as set forth in        -   SEQ ID No: 4,        -   SEQ ID No: 44,        -   SEQ ID No: 48,    -   or    -   b) a variant of any of said sequences, such as a variant having        at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, preferably        substitutions, such as conservative substitutions.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises:

-   -   a) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:2, 3 and 4 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:58, 59 and 60,    -   b) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:42, 43 and 44 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:98, 99 and 100,    -   c) a VH region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3 sequences of SEQ ID        NO:46, 47 and 48 and a VL region comprising the CDR1, 2 and 3        sequences of SEQ ID NO:102, 103 and 104, or    -   d) a variant of any of said antibodies, wherein said variant        preferably has at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, more        preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as conservative        amino-acid substitutions in said sequences.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VH having

-   -   a) at least 80% identity, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, or        at least 98% or 100% identity to a VH region sequence selected        from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, 41 and 45, or    -   b) at most 20, such as 15, or 10, or 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid        modifications, more preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as        conservative amino-acid substitutions as compared to a VH region        sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, 41        and 45.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises a VL having

-   -   c) at least 80% identity, such as at least 90%, at least 95%, or        at least 98% or 100% identity to a VL region sequence selected        from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:57, 97 and 101, or    -   d) at most 20, such as 15, or 10, or 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid        modifications, more preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as        conservative amino-acid substitutions as compared to a VH region        sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:57, 97        and 101.

In a further embodiment, the antibody comprises:

-   -   a) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:57,    -   b) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97,    -   c) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:45 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:101, or    -   d) a variant of any of said antibodies, wherein said variant        preferably has at most 1, 2 or 3 amino-acid modifications, more        preferably amino-acid substitutions, such as conservative        amino-acid substitutions in said sequences.

In an even further embodiment, the antibody of the invention has anaffinity to tissue factor which is less than 5 nM, such as less than 3.5nM, e.g. less than 2 nM when determined by the method described inExample 22 herein.

A particularly interesting group of antibodies of the invention has abinding to Tissue Factor which is characterized by a normal or highavidity and a high off-rate (kd). As demonstrated herein, suchantibodies may exhibit tumor specific binding in that they bindcancerous tissue, but do not bind, or bind less to healthy tissues.Without being bound by any specific theory, it is hypothesized that thisgroup of antibodies only binds well to cells that express high levels ofTF, because the binding is only efficient if it is bivalent. Examples ofthese antibodies include antibody 044, 098 and 111, described herein.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the antibody of the invention has a kdof more than 10⁻³ sec⁻¹ when determined by the affinity method describedin Example 22 herein, and an avidity of less than 5 nM, such as lessthan 1 nM, e.g. less than 0.2 nM when determined by the avidity methoddescribed in Example 22 herein.

In another embodiment, the antibody of the invention has a kd of morethan 10⁻³ sec⁻¹, when determined by the affinity method described inExample 22 herein and/or a ka of more than 5×10⁴, Mol⁻¹ sec⁻¹ whendetermined by the affinity method described in Example 22 herein.

In a further embodiment, the antibody exhibits no binding to healthytissue, in particular no binding to human glomeruli, e.g. as determinedin the assay described in Example 23, but does exhibit binding topancreatic tumors, e.g. as determined in the assay described in Example23 herein.

In an even further embodiment, the antibody is effective in inhibitinggrowth of established BX-PC3 tumors when determined by the methoddescribed in Example 26 herein.

In another embodiment, the antibody of the invention has one or more ofthe following properties: inhibition of proliferation, inhibition oftumor angiogenesis, induction of apoptosis of tumor cells, binding toalternatively spliced Tissue Factor.

In a further embodiment, the antibody of the invention competes forTissue Factor binding with an antibody comprising

-   -   a) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65,    -   b) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:57,    -   c) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:61,    -   d) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:69,    -   e) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:17 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:73,    -   f) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:77,    -   g) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:81,    -   h) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:85,    -   i) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:33 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:89,    -   j) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:93,    -   k) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97,    -   l) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:45 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:101,    -   m) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:49 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:105, or    -   n) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:53 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:109

In a further embodiment, the antibody of the invention binds to the sameepitope on Tissue Factor as an antibody having:

a) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:9 and a VL regioncomprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65,

-   -   b) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:57,    -   c) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:5 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:61,    -   d) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:69,    -   e) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:17 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:73,    -   f) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:77,    -   g) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:81,    -   h) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:29 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:85,    -   i) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:33 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:89,    -   j) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:37 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:93,    -   k) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:41 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97,    -   l) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:45 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:101,    -   m) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:49 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:105, or    -   n) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:53 and a VL        region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:109.

In a further embodiment, the antibody of the invention comprises:

-   -   a heavy chain variable region derived from a human germline        V_(H) sequence selected from the group consisting of:        IGHV1-18*01, IGHV3-23*01, IGHV3-30*01, IGHV3-33*01, IGHV3-33*03,        IGHV1-69*02, IGHV1-69*04 and IGHV5-51*01 and/or    -   a light chain variable region derived from a human germline Vκ        sequence selected from the group consisting of: IGKV3-20*01,        IGKV1-13*02, IGKV3-11*01, and IGKV1D-16*01.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to a monoclonal anti-TFantibody comprising a VH region having the sequence as set forth in seqid no 9, 1, 5, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49 or 53, or avariant of any of said sequences, such as a variant having at most 25amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most 15, 14, 13, 12 or 11amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1amino-acid modifications, such as deletions or insertions, preferablysubstitutions, such as conservative substitutions.

The variant of the sequence as set forth in seq id no 9, 1, 5, 13, 17,21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49 or 53 may have at least 80% identity toany of said sequences, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98% identity or99% identity.

In an aspect of the invention the isolated monoclonal anti-TF antibodycomprises a VL sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65, 57, 61, 69, 73,77, 81, 85, 89, 93, 97, 101, or 105 or a variant of any of saidsequences, such as a variant having at most 25 amino acid modifications,such 20, such as at most 15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications,such as 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, suchas deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such asconservative substitutions.

The variant of the sequence as set forth in seq id no 65, 57, 61, 69,73, 77, 81, 85, 89, 93, 97, 101, or 105 may have at least 80% identityto any of said sequences, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identityor 95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98% identity or99% identity.

In another embodiment, the antibody comprises

-   -   a) a VL region having the sequence selected from the group        consisting of SEQ ID No: 65, 57, 61, 69, 73, 77, 81, 85, 89, 93,        97, 101, or 105 and a VH region having a sequence selected from        the group consisting of SEQ ID No: 9, 1, 5, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29,        33, 37, 41, 45, 49 or 53,    -   b) a variant of any of the above, wherein said variant        preferably only has conservative substitutions in said        sequences.

In a preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL region having thesequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 65 and a VH region having thesequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 9, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 65        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 57 and a VH region havingthe sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 1, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 57        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 61 and a VH region havingthe sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 5, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 5 or SEQ ID NO: 61        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 69 and a VH region havingthe sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 13, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 13 or SEQ ID NO: 69        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 73 and a VH region havingthe sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 17, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 17 or SEQ ID NO: 73        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 77 and a VH region havingthe sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 21, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 21 or SEQ ID NO: 77        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 81 and a VH region havingthe sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 25, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 25 or SEQ ID NO: 81        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 85 and a VH region havingthe sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 29, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 29 or SEQ ID NO: 85        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 89 and a VH region havingthe sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 33, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 33 or SEQ ID NO: 89        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 93 and a VH region havingthe sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 37, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 37 or SEQ ID NO: 93        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 97 and a VH region havingthe sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 41, or a variant of any of the twosequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 41 or SEQ ID NO: 97        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 101 and a VH regionhaving the sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 45, or a variant of any ofthe two sequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 45 or SEQ ID NO: 101        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 105 and a VH regionhaving the sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 49, or a variant of any ofthe two sequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 49 or SEQ ID NO: 105        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

In another preferred embodiment the antibody comprises a VL regionhaving the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 109 and a VH regionhaving the sequence as set forth SEQ ID No: 53, or a variant of any ofthe two sequences, the variants having either

-   -   a) at most 25 amino acid modifications, such 20, such as at most        15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acid modifications, such as 10, 9, 8,        7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acid modifications, such as        deletions or insertions, preferably substitutions, such as        conservative substitutions, or    -   b) at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO: 53 or SEQ ID NO: 109        respectively, such as at least 85% identity or 90% identity or        95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%        identity or 99% identity.

Monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may e.g. be produced bythe hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature 256, 495(1975), or may be produced by recombinant DNA methods. Monoclonalantibodies may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using thetechniques described in, for example, Clackson et al., Nature 352,624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol. 222, 581-597 (1991).Monoclonal antibodies may be obtained from any suitable source. Thus,for example, monoclonal antibodies may be obtained from hybridomasprepared from murine splenic B cells obtained from mice immunized withan antigen of interest, for instance in form of cells expressing theantigen on the surface, or a nucleic acid encoding an antigen ofinterest. Monoclonal antibodies may also be obtained from hybridomasderived from antibody-expressing cells of immunized humans or non-humanmammals such as rats, rabbits, dogs, primates, etc.

In one embodiment, the antibody of the invention is a human antibody.Human monoclonal antibodies directed against tissue factor may begenerated using transgenic or transchromosomal mice carrying parts ofthe human immune system rather than the mouse system. Such transgenicand transchromosomic mice include mice referred to herein as HuMAb miceand KM mice, respectively, and are collectively referred to herein as“transgenic mice”.

The HuMAb mouse contains a human immunoglobulin gene miniloci thatencodes unrearranged human heavy variable and constant (μ and γ) andlight variable and constant (κ) chain immunoglobulin sequences, togetherwith targeted mutations that inactivate the endogenous μ and κ chainloci (Lonberg, N. et al., Nature 368, 856-859 (1994)). Accordingly, themice exhibit reduced expression of mouse IgM or κ and in response toimmunization, the introduced human heavy and light chain transgenes,undergo class switching and somatic mutation to generate high affinityhuman IgG,κ monoclonal antibodies (Lonberg, N. et al. (1994), supra;reviewed in Lonberg, N. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 113,49-101 (1994), Lonberg, N. and Huszar, D., Intern. Rev. Immunol. Vol. 1365-93 (1995) and Harding, F. and Lonberg, N. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 764536-546 (1995)). The preparation of HuMAb mice is described in detail inTaylor, L. et al., Nucleic Acids Research 20, 6287-6295 (1992), Chen, J.et al., International Immunology 5, 647-656 (1993), Tuaillon et al., J.Immunol. 152, 2912-2920 (1994), Taylor, L. et al., InternationalImmunology 6, 579-591 (1994), Fishwild, D. et al., Nature Biotechnology14, 845-851 (1996). See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,806, U.S. Pat. No.5,569,825, U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,126, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,425, U.S. Pat.No. 5,789,650, U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,397, U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,016, U.S.Pat. No. 5,814,318, U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,299, U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,429,U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,807, WO 98/24884, WO 94/25585, WO 93/1227, WO92/22645, WO 92/03918 and WO 01/09187.

The HCo7 mice have a JKD disruption in their endogenous light chain(kappa) genes (as described in Chen et al., EMBO J. 12, 821-830 (1993)),a CMD disruption in their endogenous heavy chain genes (as described inExample 1 of WO 01/14424), a KCo5 human kappa light chain transgene (asdescribed in Fishwild et al., Nature Biotechnology 14, 845-851 (1996)),and a HCo7 human heavy chain transgene (as described in U.S. Pat. No.5,770,429).

The HCo12 mice have a JKD disruption in their endogenous light chain(kappa) genes (as described in Chen et al., EMBO J. 12, 821-830 (1993)),a CMD disruption in their endogenous heavy chain genes (as described inExample 1 of WO 01/14424), a KCo5 human kappa light chain transgene (asdescribed in Fishwild et al., Nature Biotechnology 14, 845-851 (1996)),and a HCo12 human heavy chain transgene (as described in Example 2 of WO01/14424).

In the KM mouse strain, the endogenous mouse kappa light chain gene hasbeen homozygously disrupted as described in Chen et al., EMBO J. 12,811-820 (1993) and the endogenous mouse heavy chain gene has beenhomozygously disrupted as described in Example 1 of WO 01/09187. Thismouse strain carries a human kappa light chain transgene, KCo5, asdescribed in Fishwild et al., Nature Biotechnology 14, 845-851 (1996).This mouse strain also carries a human heavy chain transchromosomecomposed of chromosome 14 fragment hCF (SC20) as described in WO02/43478.

Splenocytes from these transgenic mice may be used to generatehybridomas that secrete human monoclonal antibodies according to wellknown techniques. Human monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies of thepresent invention, or antibodies of the present invention originatingfrom other species may also be generated transgenically through thegeneration of another non-human mammal or plant that is transgenic forthe immunoglobulin heavy and light chain sequences of interest andproduction of the antibody in a recoverable form therefrom. Inconnection with the transgenic production in mammals, antibodies may beproduced in, and recovered from, the milk of goats, cows, or othermammals. See for instance U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,690, U.S. Pat. No.5,756,687, U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,172 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,957.

Further, human antibodies of the present invention or antibodies of thepresent invention from other species may be generated throughdisplay-type technologies, including, without limitation, phage display,retroviral display, ribosomal display, and other techniques, usingtechniques well known in the art and the resulting molecules may besubjected to additional maturation, such as affinity maturation, as suchtechniques are well known in the art (see for instance Hoogenboom etal., J. Mol. Biol. 227, 381 (1991) (phage display), Vaughan et al.,Nature Biotech 14, 309 (1996) (phage display), Hanes and Plucthau, PNASUSA 94, 4937-4942 (1997) (ribosomal display), Parmley and Smith, Gene73, 305-318 (1988) (phage display), Scott TIBS 17, 241-245 (1992),Cwirla et al., PNAS USA 87, 6378-6382 (1990), Russel et al., Nucl. AcidsResearch 21, 1081-1085 (1993), Hogenboom et al., Immunol. Reviews 130,43-68 (1992), Chiswell and McCafferty TIBTECH 10, 80-84 (1992), and U.S.Pat. No. 5,733,743). If display technologies are utilized to produceantibodies that are not human, such antibodies may be humanized.

The antibody of the invention may be of any isotype. The choice ofisotype typically will be guided by the desired effector functions, suchas ADCC induction. Exemplary isotypes are IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4.Either of the human light chain constant regions, kappa or lambda, maybe used. If desired, the class of an anti-TF antibody of the presentinvention may be switched by known methods. For example, an antibody ofthe present invention that was originally IgM may be class switched toan IgG antibody of the present invention. Further, class switchingtechniques may be used to convert one IgG subclass to another, forinstance from IgG1 to IgG2. Thus, the effector function of theantibodies of the present invention may be changed by isotype switchingto, e.g., an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgD, IgA, IgE, or IgM antibody forvarious therapeutic uses. In one embodiment an antibody of the presentinvention is an IgG1 antibody, for instance an IgG1,κ.

In one embodiment, the antibody of the invention is a full-lengthantibody, preferably an IgG1 antibody, in particular an IgG1,κ antibody.In another embodiment, the antibody of the invention is an antibodyfragment or a single-chain antibody.

Antibodies fragments may e.g. be obtained by fragmentation usingconventional techniques, and the fragments screened for utility in thesame manner as described herein for whole antibodies. For example,F(ab′)₂ fragments may be generated by treating antibody with pepsin. Theresulting F(ab′)₂ fragment may be treated to reduce disulfide bridges toproduce Fab′ fragments. Fab fragments may be obtained by treating an IgGantibody with papain; Fab′ fragments may be obtained with pepsindigestion of IgG antibody. An F(ab′) fragment may also be produced bybinding Fab′ described below via a thioether bond or a disulfide bond. AFab′ fragment is an antibody fragment obtained by cutting a disulfidebond of the hinge region of the F(ab′)₂. A Fab′ fragment may be obtainedby treating an F(ab′)₂ fragment with a reducing agent, such asdithiothreitol. Antibody fragment may also be generated by expression ofnucleic acids encoding such fragments in recombinant cells (see forinstance Evans et al., J. Immunol. Meth. 184, 123-38 (1995)). Forexample, a chimeric gene encoding a portion of an F(ab′)₂ fragment couldinclude DNA sequences encoding the C_(H)1 domain and hinge region of theH chain, followed by a translational stop codon to yield such atruncated antibody fragment molecule.

In one embodiment, the anti-TF antibody is a monovalent antibody,preferably a monovalent antibody as described in WO2007059782 (Genmab)(incorporated herein by reference) having a deletion of the hingeregion. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the antibody is a monovalentantibody, wherein said anti-TF antibody is constructed by a methodcomprising:

i) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain of saidmonovalent antibody, said construct comprising a nucleotide sequenceencoding the VL region of a selected antigen specific anti-TF antibodyand a nucleotide sequence encoding the constant CL region of an Ig,wherein said nucleotide sequence encoding the VL region of a selectedantigen specific antibody and said nucleotide sequence encoding the CLregion of an Ig are operably linked together, and wherein, in case of anIgG1 subtype, the nucleotide sequence encoding the CL region has beenmodified such that the CL region does not contain any amino acidscapable of forming disulfide bonds or covalent bonds with other peptidescomprising an identical amino acid sequence of the CL region in thepresence of polyclonal human IgG or when administered to an animal orhuman being;ii) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the heavy chain of saidmonovalent antibody, said construct comprising a nucleotide sequenceencoding the VH region of a selected antigen specific antibody and anucleotide sequence encoding a constant CH region of a human Ig, whereinthe nucleotide sequence encoding the CH region has been modified suchthat the region corresponding to the hinge region and, as required bythe Ig subtype, other regions of the CH region, such as the CH3 region,does not comprise any amino acid residues which participate in theformation of disulphide bonds or covalent or stable non-covalentinter-heavy chain bonds with other peptides comprising an identicalamino acid sequence of the CH region of the human Ig in the presence ofpolyclonal human IgG or when administered to an animal human being,wherein said nucleotide sequence encoding the VH region of a selectedantigen specific antibody and said nucleotide sequence encoding the CHregion of said Ig are operably linked together;iii) providing a cell expression system for producing said monovalentantibody;iv) producing said monovalent antibody by co-expressing the nucleic acidconstructs of (i) and (ii) in cells of the cell expression system of(iii).

Similarly, in one embodiment, the anti-TF antibody is a monovalentantibody, which comprises

(i) a variable region of an antibody of the invention as describedherein or an antigen binding part of the said region, and(ii) a C_(H) region of an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereofcomprising the C_(H)2 and C_(H)3 regions, wherein the C_(H) region orfragment thereof has been modified such that the region corresponding tothe hinge region and, if the immunoglobulin is not an IgG4 subtype,other regions of the C_(H) region, such as the C_(H)3 region, do notcomprise any amino acid residues, which are capable of forming disulfidebonds with an identical C_(H) region or other covalent or stablenon-covalent inter-heavy chain bonds with an identical C_(H) region inthe presence of polyclonal human IgG.

In a further embodiment, the heavy chain of the monovalent anti-TFantibody has been modified such that the entire hinge has been deleted.

In a further embodiment, said monovalent antibody is of the IgG4 subtype(see SEQ ID NO: 114, a hinge-less variant of SEQ ID NO:113), but theC_(H)3 region has been modified so that one or more of the followingamino acid substitutions have been made: Thr (T) in position 234 hasbeen replaced by Ala (A); Leu (L) in position 236 has been replaced byAla (A); Leu (L) in position 236 has been replaced by Val (V); Phe (F)in position 273 has been replaced by Ala (A); Phe (F) in position 273has been replaced by Leu (L); Tyr (Y) in position 275 has been replacedby Ala (A).

In another further embodiment, the sequence of said monovalent antibodyhas been modified so that it does not comprise any acceptor sites forN-linked glycosylation.

Anti-TF antibodies of the invention also include single chainantibodies. Single chain antibodies are peptides in which the heavy andlight chain Fv regions are connected. In one embodiment, the presentinvention provides a single-chain Fv (scFv) wherein the heavy and lightchains in the Fv of an anti-TF antibody of the present invention arejoined with a flexible peptide linker (typically of about 10, 12, 15 ormore amino acid residues) in a single peptide chain. Methods ofproducing such antibodies are described in for instance U.S. Pat. No.4,946,778, Pluckthun in The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol.113, Rosenburg and Moore eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315(1994), Bird et al., Science 242, 423-426 (1988), Huston et al., PNASUSA 85, 5879-5883 (1988) and McCafferty et al., Nature 348, 552-554(1990). The single chain antibody may be monovalent, if only a singleV_(H) and V_(L) are used, bivalent, if two V_(H) and V_(L) are used, orpolyvalent, if more than two V_(H) and V_(L) are used.

In one embodiment, the anti-TF antibody of the invention is aneffector-function-deficient antibody. Such antibodies are particularlyuseful when the antibody is for use in stimulation of the immune systemthrough blocking of the inhibitory effects of TF. For such applications,it may be advantages that the antibody has no effector functions, suchas ADCC, as they may lead to undesired cytotoxicity.

In one embodiment, the effector-function-deficient anti-TF antibody is astabilized IgG4 antibody. Examples of suitable stabilized IgG4antibodies are antibodies, wherein arginine at position 409 in a heavychain constant region of human IgG4, which is indicated in the EU indexas in Kabat et al., is substituted with lysine, threonine, methionine,or leucine, preferably lysine (described in WO2006033386 (Kirin)) and/orwherein the hinge region comprises a Cys-Pro-Pro-Cys sequence.

In a further embodiment. the stabilized IgG4 anti-TF antibody is an IgG4antibody comprising a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein said heavychain comprises a human IgG4 constant region having a residue selectedfrom the group consisting of: Lys, Ala, Thr, Met and Leu at the positioncorresponding to 409 and/or a residue selected from the group consistingof: Ala, Val, Gly, Ile and Leu at the position corresponding to 405, andwherein said antibody optionally comprises one or more furthersubstitutions, deletions and/or insertions, but does not comprise aCys-Pro-Pro-Cys sequence in the hinge region. Preferably, said antibodycomprises a Lys or Ala residue at the position corresponding to 409 orthe CH3 region of the antibody has been replaced by the CH3 region ofhuman IgG1, of human IgG2 or of human IgG3.

In an even further embodiment. the stabilized IgG4 anti-TF antibody isan IgG4 antibody comprising a heavy chain and a light chain, whereinsaid heavy chain comprises a human IgG4 constant region having a residueselected from the group consisting of: Lys, Ala, Thr, Met and Leu at theposition corresponding to 409 and/or a residue selected from the groupconsisting of: Ala, Val, Gly, Ile and Leu at the position correspondingto 405, and wherein said antibody optionally comprises one or morefurther substitutions, deletions and/or insertions and wherein saidantibody comprises a Cys-Pro-Pro-Cys sequence in the hinge region.Preferably, said antibody comprises a Lys or Ala residue at the positioncorresponding to 409 or the CH3 region of the antibody has been replacedby the CH3 region of human IgG1, of human IgG2 or of human IgG3.

In a further embodiment, the effector-function-deficient anti-TFantibody is an antibody of a non-IgG4 type, e.g. IgG1, IgG2 or IgG3which has been mutated such that the ability to mediate effectorfunctions, such as ADCC, has been reduced or even eliminated. Suchmutations have e.g. been described in Dall'Acqua W F et al., J Immunol.177(2):1129-1138 (2006) and Hezareh M, J Virol.; 75(24):12161-12168(2001).

In a further embodiment, the antibody of the invention is conjugated toanother moiety, such as a cytotoxic moiety, a radioisotope or a drug.Such antibodies may be produced by chemically conjugating the othermoiety to the N-terminal side or C-terminal side of the anti-TF antibodyor fragment thereof (e.g., an anti-TF antibody H chain, L chain, oranti-TF specific/selective fragment thereof) (see, e.g., AntibodyEngineering Handbook, edited by Osamu Kanemitsu, published by ChijinShokan (1994)). Such conjugated antibody derivatives may also begenerated by conjugation at internal residues or sugars, whereappropriate.

In general, anti-TF antibodies described herein may be modified byinclusion of any suitable number of such modified amino acids and/orassociations with such conjugated substituents. Suitability in thiscontext is generally determined by the ability to at least substantiallyretain TF selectivity and/or specificity associated with thenon-derivatized parent anti-TF antibody. The inclusion of one or moremodified amino acids may be advantageous in, for example, increasingpolypeptide serum half-life, reducing polypeptide antigenicity, orincreasing polypeptide storage stability. Amino acid(s) are modified,for example, co-translationally or post-translationally duringrecombinant production (e. g., N-linked glycosylation at N-X-S/T motifsduring expression in mammalian cells) or modified by synthetic means.Non-limiting examples of a modified amino acid include a glycosylatedamino acid, a sulfated amino acid, a prenylated (e. g., farnesylated,geranylgeranylated) amino acid, an acetylated amino acid, an acylatedamino acid, a PEGylated amino acid, a biotinylated amino acid, acarboxylated amino acid, a phosphorylated amino acid, and the like.References adequate to guide one of skill in the modification of aminoacids are replete throughout the literature. Example protocols are foundin Walker (1998) Protein Protocols On Cd-Rom, Humana Press, Towata, N.J.The modified amino acid may for instance be selected from a glycosylatedamino acid, a PEGylated amino acid, a farnesylated amino acid, anacetylated amino acid, a biotinylated amino acid, an amino acidconjugated to a lipid moiety, or an amino acid conjugated to an organicderivatizing agent.

Anti-TF antibodies may also be chemically modified by covalentconjugation to a polymer to for instance increase their circulatinghalf-life. Exemplary polymers, and methods to attach them to peptides,are illustrated in for instance U.S. Pat. No. 4,766,106, U.S. Pat. No.4,179,337, U.S. Pat. No. 4,495,285 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,546.Additional illustrative polymers include polyoxyethylated polyols andpolyethylene glycol (PEG) (e.g., a PEG with a molecular weight ofbetween about 1,000 and about 40,000, such as between about 2,000 andabout 20,000, e.g., about 3,000-12,000 g/mol).

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an anti-TF antibodythat is conjugated to a second molecule that is selected from aradionuclide, an enzyme, an enzyme substrate, a cofactor, a fluorescentmarker, a chemiluminescent marker, a peptide tag, or a magneticparticle. In one embodiment, an anti-TF antibody may be conjugated toone or more antibody fragments, nucleic acids (oligonucleotides),nucleases, hormones, immunomodulators, chelators, boron compounds,photoactive agents, dyes, and the like. These and other suitable agentsmay be coupled either directly or indirectly to an anti-TF antibody ofthe present invention. One example of indirect coupling of a secondagent is coupling by a spacer moiety. These spacers, in turn, may beeither insoluble or soluble (see for instance Diener et al., Science231, 148 (1986)) and may be selected to enable drug release from theanti-TF antibody at a target site and/or under particular conditions.Additional examples of agents that may be coupled to an anti-TF antibodyinclude lectins and fluorescent peptides.

In one embodiment, anti-TF antibodies comprising one or moreradiolabeled amino acids are provided. A radiolabeled anti-TF antibodymay be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (conjugation toradiolabeled molecules is another possible feature). Nonlimitingexamples of labels for polypeptides include, but are not limited to 3H,14C, 15N, 35S, 90Y, 99Tc, and 125I, 131I, and 186Re. Methods forpreparing radiolabeled amino acids and related peptide derivatives areknown in the art (see for instance Junghans et al., in CancerChemotherapy and Biotherapy 655-686 (2d edition, Chafner and Longo,eds., Lippincott Raven (1996)) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,581, U.S. Pat.No. 4,735,210, U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,827, U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,990 (U.S.RE35,500), U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,471 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,697,902. Forexample, a radioisotope may be conjugated by a chloramine T method.

In one embodiment, an anti-TF antibody of the invention comprises aconjugated nucleic acid or nucleic acid-associated molecule. In one suchfacet of the present invention, the conjugated nucleic acid is acytotoxic ribonuclease. In one embodiment, the conjugated nucleic acidis an antisense nucleic acid (for instance a S100A10 targeted antisensemolecule, which may also be an independent component in a combinationcomposition or combination administration method of the presentinvention—see for instance Zhang et al., J Biol Chem. 279(3), 2053-62(2004)). In one embodiment, the conjugated nucleic acid is an inhibitoryRNA molecule (e.g., a siRNA molecule). In one embodiment, the conjugatednucleic acid is an immunostimulatory nucleic acid (e.g., animmunostimulatory CpG motif-containing DNA molecule). In one embodiment,the conjugated nucleic acid is an expression cassette coding forexpression of a tumor suppressor gene, anti-cancer vaccine, anti-cancercytokine, or apoptotic agent. Such derivatives also may compriseconjugation of a nucleic acid coding for expression of one or morecytotoxic proteins, such as plant and bacterial toxins.

In one embodiment, an anti-TF antibody is conjugated to a functionalnucleic acid molecule. Functional nucleic acids include antisensemolecules, interfering nucleic acid molecules (e.g., siRNA molecules),aptamers, ribozymes, triplex forming molecules, and external guidesequences. The functional nucleic acid molecules may act as effectors,inhibitors, modulators, and stimulators of a specific activity possessedby a target molecule, or the functional nucleic acid molecules maypossess a de novo activity independent of any other molecules.

In another embodiment, an anti-TF antibody of the invention isconjugated to an aptamer.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an anti-TFantibody which is conjugated to a ribozyme.

Any method known in the art for conjugating the anti-TF antibody to theconjugated molecule(s), such as those described above, may be employed,including those methods described by Hunter et al., Nature 144, 945(1962), David et al., Biochemistry 13, 1014 (1974), Pain et al., J.Immunol. Meth. 40, 219 (1981) and Nygren, J. Histochem. and Cytochem.30, 407 (1982). Numerous types of cytotoxic compounds may be joined toproteins through the use of a reactive group on the cytotoxic compoundor through the use of a cross-linking agent. A common reactive groupthat will form a stable covalent bond in vivo with an amine isisothiocyanate (Means et al., Chemical modifications of proteins(Holden-Day, San Francisco 1971) pp. 105-110). This group preferentiallyreacts with the ε-amine group of lysine. Maleimide is a commonly usedreactive group to form a stable in vivo covalent bond with thesulfhydryl group on cysteine (Ji., Methods Enzymol 91, 580-609 (1983)).Monoclonal antibodies typically are incapable of forming covalent bondswith radiometal ions, but they may be attached to the antibodyindirectly through the use of chelating agents that are covalentlylinked to the antibodies. Chelating agents may be attached throughamines (Meares et al., Anal. Biochem. 142, 68-78 (1984)) and sulfhydralgroups (Koyama, Chem. Abstr. 120, 217262t (1994)) of amino acid residuesand also through carbohydrate groups (Rodwell et al., PNAS USA 83,2632-2636 (1986), Quadri et al., Nucl. Med. Biol. 20, 559-570 (1993)).Since these chelating agents contain two types of functional groups, oneto bind metal ions and the other to joining the chelate to the antibody,they are commonly referred as bifunctional chelating agents (Sundberg etal., Nature 250, 587-588 (1974)).

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an anti-TF antibody,such as a human anti-TF antibody, conjugated to a therapeutic moiety,such as a cytotoxin, a chemotherapeutic drug, an immunosuppressant, or aradioisotope. Such conjugates are referred to herein as“immunoconjugates”. Immunoconjugates which include one or morecytotoxins are referred to as “immunotoxins”.

A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is detrimental to(e.g., kills) cells. For a description of these classes of drugs whichare well known in the art, and their mechanisms of action, see Goodmanet al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis Of Therapeutics,8th Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co., 1990. Additional techniques relevantto the preparation of antibody immunotoxins are provided in for instanceVitetta, Immunol. Today 14, 252 (1993) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,594.

Suitable therapeutic agents for forming immunoconjugates of the presentinvention include taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide,emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine,colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione,mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydro-testosterone,glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, andpuromycin, antimetabolites (such as methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine,6-thioguanine, cytarabine, fludarabin, 5-fluorouracil, decarbazine,hydroxyurea, asparaginase, gemcitabine, cladribine), alkylating agents(such as mechlorethamine, thioepa, chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine(BSNU), lomustine (CCNU), cyclophosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol,streptozotocin, dacarbazine (DTIC), procarbazine, mitomycin C, cisplatinand other platinum derivatives, such as carboplatin), antibiotics (suchas dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, daunorubicin(formerly daunomycin), doxorubicin, idarubicin, mithramycin, mitomycin,mitoxantrone, plicamycin, anthramycin (AMC)), diphtheria toxin andrelated molecules (such as diphtheria A chain and active fragmentsthereof and hybrid molecules), ricin toxin (such as ricin A or adeglycosylated ricin A chain toxin), cholera toxin, a Shiga-like toxin(SLT-I, SLT-II, SLT-IIV), LT toxin, C3 toxin, Shiga toxin, pertussistoxin, tetanus toxin, soybean Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor,Pseudomonas exotoxin, alorin, saporin, modeccin, gelanin, abrin A chain,modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthinproteins, Phytolacca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S),momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalisinhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, and enomycintoxins. Other suitable conjugated molecules include ribonuclease(RNase), DNase I, Staphylococcal enterotoxin-A, pokeweed antiviralprotein, diphtherin toxin, and Pseudomonas endotoxin. See, for example,Pastan et al., Cell 47, 641 (1986) and Goldenberg, Calif. A CancerJournal for Clinicians 44, 43 (1994). Therapeutic agents, which may beadministered in combination with a an anti-TF antibody of the presentinvention as described elsewhere herein, may also be candidates fortherapeutic moieties useful for conjugation to an anti-TF antibody ofthe present invention.

In one embodiment, the anti-TF antibody of the present invention isattached to a chelator linker, e.g. tiuxetan, which allows for theantibody to be conjugated to a radioisotope.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to a bispecific moleculecomprising an anti-TF antibody of the invention as described hereinabove and a second binding specificity such as a binding specificity fora human effector cell, a human Fc receptor or a T cell receptor. Or abinding specificity for another epitope of TF.

Bispecific molecules of the present invention may further include athird binding specificity, in addition to an anti-TF binding specificityand a binding specificity for a human effector cell, a human Fc receptoror a T cell receptor.

Exemplary bispecific antibody molecules of the invention comprise (i)two antibodies one with a specificity to TF and another to a secondtarget that are conjugated together, (ii) a single antibody that has onechain specific to TF and a second chain specific to a second molecule,and (iii) a single chain antibody that has specificity to TF and asecond molecule. Typically, the second target/second molecule is amolecule other than TF. In one embodiment, the second molecule is acancer antigen/tumor-associated antigen such as carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), prostate specific antigen (PSA), RAGE (renal antigen),α-fetoprotein, CAMEL (CTL-recognized antigen on melanoma), CT antigens(such as MAGE-B5, -B6, -C2, -C3, and D; Mage-12; CT10; NY-ESO-1, SSX-2,GAGE, BAGE, MAGE, and SAGE), mucin antigens (e.g., MUC1, mucin-CA125,etc.), ganglioside antigens, tyrosinase, gp75, C-myc, Mart1, MelanA,MUM-1, MUM-2, MUM-3, HLA-B7, and Ep-CAM. In one embodiment, the secondmolecule is a cancer-associated integrin, such as α5β3 integrin. In oneembodiment, the second molecule is an angiogenic factor or othercancer-associated growth factor, such as a vascular endothelial growthfactor (VEGF), a fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor(EGF), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), angiogenin, andreceptors thereof, particularly receptors associated with cancerprogression (for instance one of the HER1-HER4 receptors, c-met or RON).Other cancer progression-associated proteins discussed herein may alsobe suitable second molecules.

In one embodiment, a bispecific antibody of the present invention is adiabody. Bispecific antibodies also include cross-linked or“heteroconjugate” antibodies. For example, one of the antibodies in aheteroconjugate may be coupled to avidin and the other to biotin. Suchantibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune systemcells to unwanted cells (see for instance U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980).Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenientcross-linking methods.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to an expression vectorencoding an antibody of the invention.

In one embodiment, the expression vector of the invention comprises anucleotide sequence encoding one or more of the amino acid sequencesselected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 1-112.

In another particular embodiment, the expression vector of the inventioncomprises a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more of the VH aminoacid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 9, 1,5, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 41, 45, 49 and 53.

In a particular embodiment, the expression vector of the inventioncomprises a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more of the VH CDR3amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO 4,8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52 and 56.

In another particular embodiment, the expression vector of the inventioncomprises a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more of the VL aminoacid sequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 65, 57,61, 69, 73, 77, 81, 85, 89, 93, 97, 101 and 105.

In another embodiment, the expression vector of the invention comprisesa nucleotide sequence encoding one or more of the VL CDR3 amino acidsequences selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 60, 64, 68,72, 76, 80, 84, 88, 92, 96, 100, 104 and 108.

In a particular embodiment the expression vector of the inventioncomprises a nucleotide sequence encoding variants of one or more of theabove amino acid sequences, said variants having at most 25 amino acidmodifications, such 20, such as at most 15, 14, 13, 12 or 11 amino acidmodifications, such as 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 amino-acidmodifications, such as deletions or insertions, preferablysubstitutions, such as conservative substitutions or at least 80%identity to any of said sequences, such as at least 85% identity or 90%identity or 95% identity, such as 96% identity or 97% identity or 98%identity or 99% identity to any of the afore mentioned amino acidsequences.

In a further embodiment, the expression vector further comprises anucleotide sequence encoding the constant region of a light chain, aheavy chain or both light and heavy chains of an antibody, e.g. a humanantibody.

Such expression vectors may be used for recombinant production ofantibodies of the invention.

An expression vector in the context of the present invention may be anysuitable vector, including chromosomal, non-chromosomal, and syntheticnucleic acid vectors (a nucleic acid sequence comprising a suitable setof expression control elements). Examples of such vectors includederivatives of SV40, bacterial plasmids, phage DNA, baculovirus, yeastplasmids, vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA,and viral nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) vectors. In one embodiment, ananti-TF antibody-encoding nucleic acid is comprised in a naked DNA orRNA vector, including, for example, a linear expression element (asdescribed in for instance Sykes and Johnston, Nat Biotech 17, 355-59(1997)), a compacted nucleic acid vector (as described in for instanceU.S. Pat. No. 6,077,835 and/or WO 00/70087), a plasmid vector such aspBR322, pUC 19/18, or pUC 118/119, a “midge” minimally-sized nucleicacid vector (as described in for instance Schakowski et al., Mol Ther 3,793-800 (2001)), or as a precipitated nucleic acid vector construct,such as a CaP04-precipitated construct (as described in for instance WO00/46147, Benvenisty and Reshef, PNAS USA 83, 9551-55 (1986), Wigler etal., Cell 14, 725 (1978), and Coraro and Pearson, Somatic Cell Genetics7, 603 (1981)). Such nucleic acid vectors and the usage thereof are wellknown in the art (see for instance U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,466 and U.S. Pat.No. 5,973,972).

In one embodiment, the vector is suitable for expression of the anti-TFantibody in a bacterial cell. Examples of such vectors includeexpression vectors such as BlueScript (Stratagene), pIN vectors (VanHeeke & Schuster, J Biol Chem 264, 5503-5509 (1989), pET vectors(Novagen, Madison Wis.) and the like).

An expression vector may also or alternatively be a vector suitable forexpression in a yeast system. Any vector suitable for expression in ayeast system may be employed. Suitable vectors include, for example,vectors comprising constitutive or inducible promoters such as alphafactor, alcohol oxidase and PGH (reviewed in: F. Ausubel et al., ed.Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and WileyInterScience New York (1987), and Grant et al., Methods in Enzymol 153,516-544 (1987)).

A nucleic acid and/or vector may also comprises a nucleic acid sequenceencoding a secretion/localization sequence, which can target apolypeptide, such as a nascent polypeptide chain, to the periplasmicspace or into cell culture media. Such sequences are known in the art,and include secretion leader or signal peptides, organelle targetingsequences (e. g., nuclear localization sequences, ER retention signals,mitochondrial transit sequences, chloroplast transit sequences),membrane localization/anchor sequences (e. g., stop transfer sequences,GPI anchor sequences), and the like.

In an expression vector of the invention, anti-TF antibody-encodingnucleic acids may comprise or be associated with any suitable promoter,enhancer, and other expression-facilitating elements. Examples of suchelements include strong expression promoters (e. g., human CMV IEpromoter/enhancer as well as RSV, SV40, SL3-3, MMTV, and HIV LTRpromoters), effective poly (A) termination sequences, an origin ofreplication for plasmid product in E. coli, an antibiotic resistancegene as selectable marker, and/or a convenient cloning site (e.g., apolylinker). Nucleic acids may also comprise an inducible promoter asopposed to a constitutive promoter such as CMV IE (the skilled artisanwill recognize that such terms are actually descriptors of a degree ofgene expression under certain conditions).

In one embodiment, the anti-TF-antibody-encoding expression vector maybe positioned in and/or delivered to the host cell or host animal via aviral vector.

In an even further aspect, the invention relates to a recombinanteukaryotic or prokaryotic host cell, such as a transfectoma, whichproduces an antibody of the invention as defined herein or a bispecificmolecule of the invention as defined herein. Examples of host cellsinclude yeast, bacterial, and mammalian cells, such as CHO or HEK cells.For example, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a cellcomprising a nucleic acid stably integrated into the cellular genomethat comprises a sequence coding for expression of an anti-TF antibodyof the present invention. In another embodiment, the present inventionprovides a cell comprising a non-integrated nucleic acid, such as aplasmid, cosmid, phagemid, or linear expression element, which comprisesa sequence coding for expression of an anti-TF antibody of theinvention.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to a hybridoma which producesan antibody of the invention as defined herein. In an even furtheraspect, the invention relates to a transgenic non-human animalcomprising nucleic acids encoding a human heavy chain and a human lightchain, wherein the animal or plant produces an antibody of the inventionof the invention. Generation of such hybridomas and transgenic animalshas been described above.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to a method for producing ananti-TF antibody of the invention, said method comprising the steps of

a) culturing a hybridoma or a host cell of the invention as describedherein above, andb) purifying the antibody of the invention from the culture media.

In a further main aspect, the invention relates to an anti-TF antibodyas defined herein or a bispecific molecule as defined herein for use asa medicament.

In an even further aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising:

an anti-TF antibody as defined herein or a bispecific molecule asdefined herein, and

a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated with pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers or diluents as well as any other known adjuvants andexcipients in accordance with conventional techniques such as thosedisclosed in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19thEdition, Gennaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1995.

The pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents as well as anyother known adjuvants and excipients should be suitable for the chosencompound of the present invention and the chosen mode of administration.Suitability for carriers and other components of pharmaceuticalcompositions is determined based on the lack of significant negativeimpact on the desired biological properties of the chosen compound orpharmaceutical composition of the present invention (e.g., less than asubstantial impact (10% or less relative inhibition, 5% or less relativeinhibition, etc.)) on antigen binding.

A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also includediluents, fillers, salts, buffers, detergents (e. g., a nonionicdetergent, such as Tween-20 or Tween-80), stabilizers (e. g., sugars orprotein-free amino acids), preservatives, tissue fixatives,solubilizers, and/or other materials suitable for inclusion in apharmaceutical composition.

It has been reported that in cancer cells, such as human colorectalcancer cells, TF expression is under control of 2 major transformingevents driving disease progression (activation of K-ras oncogene andinactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor), in a manner dependent onMEK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol3′-kinase (PI3K) (Yu et al. (2005) Blood 105:1734.

Cancer cells overexpressing TF may be particularly good targets foranti-TF antibodies of the invention, since more antibodies may be boundper cell. Thus, in one embodiment, a cancer patient to be treated withan anti-TF antibody of the invention is a patient, e.g. a pancreaticcancer, lung cancer or colorectal cancer patient who has been diagnosedto have one or more mutations in K-Ras and/or one or more mutations inp53 in their tumor cells.

In an alternative embodiment, the patient to be treated with an anti-TFantibody of the invention is a patient, e.g. a pancreatic cancer, lungcancer or colorectal cancer patient, who does not have a mutation inK-Ras. Without being bound by any specific theory, it is possible thatsome tumor cells having K-Ras activation are less susceptible to anti-TFantibody treatment, because the effects of anti-TF antibodies onintracellular signaling mechanisms may be less effective in cells inwhich K-Ras is activated.

The actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceuticalcompositions of the present invention may be varied so as to obtain anamount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve thedesired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, andmode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. The selecteddosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factorsincluding the activity of the particular compositions of the presentinvention employed, or the amide thereof, the route of administration,the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particularcompound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs,compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particularcompositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general healthand prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factorswell known in the medical arts.

The pharmaceutical composition may be administered by any suitable routeand mode. Suitable routes of administering a compound of the presentinvention in vivo and in vitro are well known in the art and may beselected by those of ordinary skill in the art.

In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition of the present inventionis administered parenterally.

The phrases “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally”as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral andtopical administration, usually by injection, and include epidermal,intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular,intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal,intratendinous, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular,intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, intracranial,intrathoracic, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion.

In one embodiment that pharmaceutical composition is administered byintravenous or subcutaneous injection or infusion.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include any and all suitablesolvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungalagents, isotonicity agents, antioxidants and absorption delaying agents,and the like that are physiologically compatible with a compound of thepresent invention.

Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers which may beemployed in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present inventioninclude water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, ethanol, dextrose,polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, andthe like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as oliveoil, corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, and sesame oil, carboxymethylcellulose colloidal solutions, tragacanth gum and injectable organicesters, such as ethyl oleate, and/or various buffers. Other carriers arewell known in the pharmaceutical arts.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutionsor dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation ofsterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media andagents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art.Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible withthe active compound, use thereof in the pharmaceutical compositions ofthe present invention is contemplated.

Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of coatingmaterials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particlesize in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also comprisepharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants for instance (1) water solubleantioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodiumbisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2)oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propylgallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents,such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol,tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also compriseisotonicity agents, such as sugars, polyalcohols, such as mannitol,sorbitol, glycerol or sodium chloride in the compositions.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may alsocontain one or more adjuvants appropriate for the chosen route ofadministration such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifyingagents, dispersing agents, preservatives or buffers, which may enhancethe shelf life or effectiveness of the pharmaceutical composition. Thecompounds of the present invention may be prepared with carriers thatwill protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlledrelease formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, andmicroencapsulated delivery systems. Such carriers may include gelatin,glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate, biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolicacid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid alone or with awax, or other materials well known in the art. Methods for thepreparation of such formulations are generally known to those skilled inthe art. See e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug DeliverySystems, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may beformulated to ensure proper distribution in vivo. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers for parenteral administration include sterileaqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for theextemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions ordispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically activesubstances is known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional mediaor agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in thepharmaceutical compositions of the present invention is contemplated.Supplementary active compounds may also be incorporated into thecompositions.

Pharmaceutical compositions for injection must typically be sterile andstable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The compositionmay be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or otherordered structure suitable to high drug concentration. The carrier maybe a aqueous or nonaqueous solvent or dispersion medium containing forinstance water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof,vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, suchas ethyl oleate. The proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, bythe use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of therequired particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use ofsurfactants. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonicagents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as glycerol, mannitol,sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption ofthe injectable compositions may be brought about by including in thecomposition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearatesalts and gelatin. Sterile injectable solutions may be prepared byincorporating the active compound in the required amount in anappropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients e.g. asenumerated above, as required, followed by sterilizationmicrofiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporatingthe active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basicdispersion medium and the required other ingredients e.g. from thoseenumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation ofsterile injectable solutions, examples of methods of preparation arevacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder ofthe active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from apreviously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Sterile injectable solutions may be prepared by incorporating the activecompound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or acombination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed bysterilization microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared byincorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains abasic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from thoseenumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation ofsterile injectable solutions, examples of methods of preparation arevacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder ofthe active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from apreviously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may contain onecompound of the present invention or a combination of compounds of thepresent invention.

As described above, in another aspect, the invention relates to theantibody of the invention as defined herein or a bispecific molecule ofthe invention as defined herein for use as a medicament.

The anti-TF antibodies of the invention may be used for a number ofpurposes. In particular, the antibodies of the invention may be used forthe treatment of various forms of cancer. In one aspect the anti-TFmonoclonal antibodies of the invention are used for the treatment ofvarious solid cancer types such as: tumors of the central nervoussystem, head and neck cancer, lung cancer (such as non-small cell lungcancer), breast cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, liver andbiliary cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer,kidney cancer, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer,malignant melanoma, sarcoma (soft tissue eg. bone and muscle), tumors ofunknown primary origin (i.e. unknown primarys), leukemia, bone marrowcancer (such as multiple myeloma) acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chroniclymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin cancer, glioma,cancer of the brain, uterus, and rectum.

Further autoimmune inflammation, such as myopathies or multiple sclerosemay be targeted with the anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the presentinvention.

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for the treatment of haemostatis.

Cancer related hemostatic disorders may also be targeted with thepresent intervention.

Further diseases with inflammation, such as myopathies, RheumatoidArthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, gout,spondylarthropathris, ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome,psoriatic arthropathy, enterapathric, spondylitis, juvenile arthropathy,reactive arthropathy, infectious or post-infectious arthritis,tuberculous arthritis, viral arthritis, fungal arthritis, syphiliticarthritis, glomerulonephritis, end stage renal disease, systemic lupuserythematosus, mb. Crohn, ulcerative colitis, inflammatory boweldisease, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),astma, allergic astma, bronchitis, acute bronchiolitis, chronicbronchiolitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or multiple sclerose maybe targeted with the anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the presentinvention.

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for the treatment of haemostatis.

Cancer related hemostatic disorders may also be targeted with thepresent intervention.

Also vascular diseases such as vascular restenosis, myocardial vasculardisease, cerebral vascular disease, retinopathia and maculardegeneration, including but not limited to wet AMD can be treated withanti-TF monoclonal antibodies.

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for the treatment of patients with cardiovascular risk, such asatherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetis, dyslipidemia, and acutecoronary syndrome, including but not limited to Acute MyocardialInfarct, stroke.

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for inhibition of thrombosis, such as DVT, renal embolism, lungembolism, arterial thrombosis, or to treat thrombosis occurringfollowing arteriel surgical, peripheral vascular bypass grafts orcoronary artery bypass grafts, arterio-venous shunts, removal of animplementation, such as a stent or catheter

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for inhibition of renal ischemic reperfusion injury

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for treatment of hyperlipoproteineimia, hyperparathyroidism,

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for treatment of vasculitis, ANCA-positive vasculitis, Behcet'sdisease

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for blocking trauma-induced respiratory failure, such as AcuteRespiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute lung Injury.

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for blocking infection-induced organ dysfunction, such as renalfailure, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute Lung Injury

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful to treat various thromboembolic disorders such as those arisingfrom angioplasty, myocardial infarction, unstable angina and coronaryartery stenoses.

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful in a prophylactic setting to treat TF-mediated complications tosystemic infections, such as sepsis or pneumonia.

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful as prophylactic treatment of patients with atheroscleroticvessels at risk for thrombosis

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for treatment of Graft-versus-host disease.

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for increasing beta cell engraftment in islet transplantation, toprevent cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), to prevent acute graftrejection

The anti-TF monoclonal antibodies of the present invention may also beuseful for treatment of diseases where circulating tissue-factorexposing microparticles are present, such as but not limited to vascularthrombosis, type II diabetis, AMI, pulmonary arterial hypertension

Similarly, the invention relates to a method for inhibiting growthand/or proliferation of a tumor cell expressing TF, comprisingadministration, to an individual in need thereof, of an antibody or abispecific molecule of the invention. In one embodiment, said tumor cellis involved in cancer, such as prostate cancer, lung cancer (such asnon-small cell lung cancer), breast cancer, colorectal cancer (such asmetastatic colorectal cancer), pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer,ovarian cancer, cutaneous melanoma, leukemia bone marrow cancer (such asmultiple myeloma), acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphoblasticleukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, skin cancer, prostate cancer, glioma,cancer of the brain, kidneys, uterus, bladder, and rectum.

Also, the invention relates to the use of a monoclonal antibody thatbinds to human TF for the preparation of a medicament for the treatmentof cancer, such as one of the specific cancer indications mentionedabove.

In an embodiment selection of patients to be treated with anti-TFantibody is based on the level of tissue factor (TF) in their urineand/or blood. In a particular embodiment the patient to be treated has arelatively high level of TF in urine and/or blood. For example, thepatient to be treated may have a TF level in urine of more than 20ng/ml, such as more than 40 ng/ml. e.g. more than 100 ng/ml, such asmore than 200 ng/ml. Alternatively, or in addition, the TF level inserum of the patients may be more than 100 pg/ml, such as more than 200pg/ml. This may e.g. be determined using an ELISA.

In a further embodiment of the methods of treatment of the presentinvention, the efficacy of the treatment is being monitored during thetherapy, e.g. at predefined points in time. In one embodiment, theefficacy may be monitored by measuring the level of TF in urine orblood, for example by ELISA. In another embodiment, the efficacy may bedetermined by visualization of the disease area, e.g. by performing oneor more PET-CT scans, for example using a labeled anti-TF antibody, suchas a labeled anti-TF antibody of the present invention. Furthermore,labeled anti-TF antibodies, such as labeled anti-TF antibodies of theinvention, could be used to detect TF-producing tumors e.g. using aPET-CT scan.

Dosage regimens in the above methods of treatment and uses are adjustedto provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response).For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided dosesmay be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reducedor increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeuticsituation. Parenteral compositions may be formulated in dosage unit formfor ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form asused herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitarydosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains apredetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce thedesired therapeutic effect in association with the requiredpharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms ofthe present invention are dictated by and directly dependent on (a) theunique characteristics of the active compound and the particulartherapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent inthe art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment ofsensitivity in individuals.

The efficient dosages and the dosage regimens for the anti-TF antibodiesdepend on the disease or condition to be treated and may be determinedby the persons skilled in the art. An exemplary, non-limiting range fora therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the presentinvention is about 0.1-100 mg/kg, such as about 0.1-50 mg/kg, forexample about 0.1-20 mg/kg, such as about 0.1-10 mg/kg, for instanceabout 0.5, about such as 0.3, about 1, or about 3 mg/kg.

A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art may readilydetermine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceuticalcomposition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian couldstart doses of the anti-TF antibody employed in the pharmaceuticalcomposition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve thedesired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until thedesired effect is achieved. In general, a suitable daily dose of acomposition of the present invention will be that amount of the compoundwhich is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Suchan effective dose will generally depend upon the factors describedabove. Administration may e.g. be intravenous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous, and for instance administered proximalto the site of the target. If desired, the effective daily dose of apharmaceutical composition may be administered as two, three, four,five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriateintervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. While itis possible for a compound of the present invention to be administeredalone, it is preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceuticalcomposition as described above.

In one embodiment, the anti-TF antibodies may be administered byinfusion in a weekly dosage of from 10 to 500 mg/m², such as of from 200to 400 mg/m². Such administration may be repeated, e.g., 1 to 8 times,such as 3 to 5 times. The administration may be performed by continuousinfusion over a period of from 2 to 24 hours, such as of from 2 to 12hours.

In one embodiment, the anti-TF antibodies may be administered by slowcontinuous infusion over a long period, such as more than 24 hours, inorder to reduce toxic side effects.

In one embodiment the anti-TF antibodies may be administered in a weeklydosage of from 250 mg to 2000 mg, such as for example 300 mg, 500 mg,700 mg, 1000 mg, 1500 mg or 2000 mg, for up to 8 times, such as from 4to 6 times. The administration may be performed by continuous infusionover a period of from 2 to 24 hours, such as of from 2 to 12 hours. Suchregimen may be repeated one or more times as necessary, for example,after 6 months or 12 months. The dosage may be determined or adjusted bymeasuring the amount of compound of the present invention in the bloodupon administration by for instance taking out a biological sample andusing anti-idiotypic antibodies which target the antigen binding regionof the anti-TF antibodies of the present invention.

In one embodiment, the anti-TF antibodies may be administered bymaintenance therapy, such as, e.g., once a week for a period of 6 monthsor more.

In one embodiment, the anti-TF antibodies may be administered by aregimen including one infusion of an anti-TF antibody of the presentinvention followed by an infusion of an anti-TF antibody of the presentinvention conjugated to a radioisotope. The regimen may be repeated,e.g., 7 to 9 days later.

As non-limiting examples, treatment according to the present inventionmay be provided as a daily dosage of a compound of the present inventionin an amount of about 0.1-100 mg/kg, such as 0.5, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.5, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 mg/kg,per day, on at least one of day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40, or alternatively, at leastone of week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19 or 20 after initiation of treatment, or any combination thereof,using single or divided doses of every 24, 12, 8, 6, 4, or 2 hours, orany combination thereof.

An “effective amount” for tumor therapy may also be measured by itsability to stabilize the progression of disease. The ability of acompound to inhibit cancer may be evaluated in an animal model systempredictive of efficacy in human tumors. Alternatively, this property ofa composition may be evaluated by examining the ability of the compoundto inhibit cell growth or to induce apoptosis by in vitro assays knownto the skilled practitioner. A therapeutically effective amount of atherapeutic compound may decrease tumor size, or otherwise amelioratesymptoms in a subject. One of ordinary skill in the art would be able todetermine such amounts based on such factors as the subject's size, theseverity of the subject's symptoms, and the particular composition orroute of administration selected.

An anti-TF antibody may also be administered prophylactically in orderto reduce the risk of developing cancer, delay the onset of theoccurrence of an event in cancer progression, and/or reduce the risk ofrecurrence when a cancer is in remission. This may be especially usefulin patients wherein it is difficult to locate a tumor that is known tobe present due to other biological factors.

Anti-TF antibodies may also be administered in combination therapy,i.e., combined with other therapeutic agents relevant for the disease orcondition to be treated. Accordingly, in one embodiment, theantibody-containing medicament is for combination with one or morefurther therapeutic agent, such as a cytotoxic, chemotherapeutic oranti-angiogenic agent.

Such combined administration may be simultaneous, separate orsequential. For simultaneous administration the agents may beadministered as one composition or as separate compositions, asappropriate. The present invention thus also provides methods fortreating a disorder involving cells expressing TF as described above,which methods comprise administration of an anti-TF antibody of thepresent invention combined with one or more additional therapeuticagents as described below.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatinga disorder involving cells expressing TF in a subject, which methodcomprises administration of a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-TF antibody of the present invention and at least onechemotherapeutic agent to a subject in need thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatingor preventing cancer, which method comprises administration of atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-TF antibody of the presentinvention and at least one chemotherapeutic agent to a subject in needthereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides the use of an anti-TFantibody of the present invention for the preparation of apharmaceutical composition to be administered with at least onechemotherapeutic agent for treating cancer.

In one embodiment, such a chemotherapeutic agent may be selected from anantimetabolite, such as methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine,cytarabine, fludarabine, 5-fluorouracil, decarbazine, hydroxyurea,asparaginase, gemcitabine, cladribine and similar agents.

In one embodiment, such a chemotherapeutic agent may be selected from analkylating agent, such as mechlorethamine, thioepa, chlorambucil,melphalan, carmustine (BSNU), lomustine (CCNU), cyclophosphamide,busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, dacarbazine (DTIC),procarbazine, mitomycin C, cisplatin and other platinum derivatives,such as carboplatin, and similar agents.

In one embodiment, such a chemotherapeutic agent may be selected from ananti-mitotic agent, such as taxanes, for instance docetaxel, andpaclitaxel, and vinca alkaloids, for instance vindesine, vincristine,vinblastine, and vinorelbine.

In one embodiment, such a chemotherapeutic agent may be selected from atopoisomerase inhibitor, such as topotecan or irinotecan.

In one embodiment, such a chemotherapeutic agent may be selected from acytostatic drug, such as etoposide and teniposide.

In one embodiment, such a chemotherapeutic agent may be selected from agrowth factor inhibitor, such as an inhibitor of ErbB1 (EGFR) (such asIressa, erbitux (cetuximab), tarceva and similar agents), an inhibitorof ErbB2 (Her2/neu) (such as herceptin and similar agents) and similaragents.

In one embodiment, such a chemotherapeutic agent may be selected from atyrosine kinase inhibitor, such as imatinib (Glivec, Gleevec STI571),lapatinib, PTK787/ZK222584 and similar agents.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatinga disorder involving cells expressing TF in a subject, which methodcomprises administration of a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-TF antibody of the present invention and at least one inhibitor ofangiogenesis, neovascularization, and/or other vascularization to asubject in need thereof

Examples of such angiogenesis inhibitors are urokinase inhibitors,matrix metalloprotease inhibitors (such as marimastat, neovastat, BAY12-9566, AG 3340, BMS-275291 and similar agents), inhibitors ofendothelial cell migration and proliferation (such as TNP-470,squalamine, 2-methoxyestradiol, combretastatins, endostatin,angiostatin, penicillamine, SCH66336 (Schering-Plough Corp, Madison,N.J.), R115777 (Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc, Titusville, N.J.) andsimilar agents), antagonists of angiogenic growth factors (such as suchas ZD6474, SU6668, antibodies against angiogenic agents and/or theirreceptors (such as VEGF, bFGF, and angiopoietin-1), thalidomide,thalidomide analogs (such as CC-5013), Sugen 5416, SU5402,antiangiogenic ribozyme (such as angiozyme), interferon α (such asinterferon α2a), suramin and similar agents), VEGF-R kinase inhibitorsand other anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (such as SU011248),inhibitors of endothelial-specific integrin/survival signaling (such asvitaxin and similar agents), copper antagonists/chelators (such astetrathiomolybdate, captopril and similar agents), carboxyamido-triazole(CAI), ABT-627, CM101, interleukin-12 (IL-12), IM862, PNU145156E as wellas nucleotide molecules inhibiting angiogenesis (such asantisense-VEGF-cDNA, cDNA coding for angiostatin, cDNA coding for p53and cDNA coding for deficient VEGF receptor-2) and similar agents.

Other examples of such inhibitors of angiogenesis, neovascularization,and/or other vascularization are anti-angiogenic heparin derivatives andrelated molecules (e.g., heperinase III), temozolomide, NK4, macrophagemigration inhibitory factor (MIF), cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors,inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, anti-angiogenic soyisoflavones, oltipraz, fumagillin and analogs thereof, somatostatinanalogues, pentosan polysulfate, tecogalan sodium, dalteparin,tumstatin, thrombospondin, NM-3, combrestatin, canstatin, avastatin,antibodies against other relevant targets (such as anti-alpha-v/beta-3integrin and anti-kininostatin mAbs) and similar agents.

In one embodiment, a therapeutic agent for use in combination with ananti-TF antibody for treating the disorders as described above may be ananti-cancer immunogen, such as a cancer antigen/tumor-associated antigen(e.g., epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM/TACSTD1), mucin 1(MUC1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), tumor-associated glycoprotein 72(TAG-72), gp100, Melan-A, MART-1, KDR, RCAS1, MDA7, cancer-associatedviral vaccines (e.g., human papillomavirus vaccines), tumor-derived heatshock proteins, and similar agents. A number of other suitable cancerantigens/tumor-associated antigens described elsewhere herein andsimilar molecules known in the art may also or alternatively be used insuch embodiment. Anti-cancer immunogenic peptides also includeanti-idiotypic “vaccines” such as BEC2 anti-idiotypic antibodies,Mitumomab, CeaVac and related anti-idiotypic antibodies, anti-idiotypicantibody to MG7 antibody, and other anti-cancer anti-idiotypicantibodies (see for instance Birebent et al., Vaccine. 21(15), 1601-12(2003), Li et al., Chin Med J (Engl). 114(9), 962-6 (2001), Schmitt etal., Hybridoma. 13(5), 389-96 (1994), Maloney et al., Hybridoma. 4(3),191-209 (1985), Raychardhuri et al., J Immunol. 137(5), 1743-9 (1986),Pohl et al., Int J Cancer. 50(6), 958-67 (1992), Bohlen et al.,Cytokines Mol Ther. 2(4), 231-8 (1996) and Maruyama, J Immunol Methods.264(1-2), 121-33 (2002)). Such anti-idiotypic Abs may optionally beconjugated to a carrier, which may be a synthetic (typically inert)molecule carrier, a protein (for instance keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH) (see for instance Ochi et al., Eur J Immunol. 17(11), 1645-8(1987)), or a cell (for instance a red blood cell—see for instance Wi etal., J Immunol Methods. 122(2), 227-34 (1989)).

In one embodiment, a therapeutic agent for use in combination with ananti-TF antibody for treating the disorders as described above may be ananti-cancer cytokine, chemokine, or combination thereof. Examples ofsuitable cytokines and growth factors include IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6,IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-18, IL-23, IL-24, IL-27, IL-28a,IL-28b, IL-29, KGF, IFNα (e.g., INFα2b), IFNβ, GM-CSF, CD40L, Flt3ligand, stem cell factor, ancestim, and TNFα. Suitable chemokines mayinclude Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR)-negative chemokines such as IP-10, MCP-3, MIG,and SDF-1α from the human CXC and C-C chemokine families. Suitablecytokines include cytokine derivatives, cytokine variants, cytokinefragments, and cytokine fusion proteins. These and other methods or usesinvolving naturally occurring peptide-encoding nucleic acids herein mayalternatively or additionally be performed by “gene activation” andhomologous recombination gene upregulation techniques, such as aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,968,502, U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,630 and U.S.Pat. No. 6,187,305 and EP 0505500.

In one embodiment, a therapeutic agent for use in combination with ananti-TF antibody for treating the disorders as described above may be acell cycle control/apoptosis regulator (or “regulating agent”). A cellcycle control/apoptosis regulator may include molecules that target andmodulate cell cycle control/apoptosis regulators such as (i) cdc-25(such as NSC 663284), (ii) cyclin-dependent kinases that overstimulatethe cell cycle (such as flavopiridol (L868275, HMR1275),7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01, KW-2401), and roscovitine(R-roscovitine, CYC202)), and (iii) telomerase modulators (such asBIBR1532, SOT-095, GRN163 and compositions described in for instanceU.S. Pat. No. 6,440,735 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,713,055). Non-limitingexamples of molecules that interfere with apoptotic pathways includeTNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/apoptosis-2 ligand(Apo-2L), antibodies that activate TRAIL receptors, IFNs, and anti-senseBcl-2.

In one embodiment, a therapeutic agent for use in combination with ananti-TF antibody for treating the disorders as described above may be ahormonal regulating agent, such as agents useful for anti-androgen andanti-estrogen therapy. Examples of such hormonal regulating agents aretamoxifen, idoxifene, fulvestrant, droloxifene, toremifene, raloxifene,diethylstilbestrol, ethinyl estradiol/estinyl, an antiandrogene (such asflutaminde/eulexin), a progestin (such as such as hydroxyprogesteronecaproate, medroxy-progesterone/provera, megestrol acepate/megace), anadrenocorticosteroid (such as hydrocortisone, prednisone), luteinizinghormone-releasing hormone (and analogs thereof and other LHRH agonistssuch as buserelin and goserelin), an aromatase inhibitor (such asanastrazole/arimidex, aminoglutethimide/cytraden, exemestane), a hormoneinhibitor (such as octreotide/sandostatin) and similar agents.

In one embodiment, a therapeutic agent for use in combination with ananti-TF antibody for treating the disorders as described above may be ananti-anergic agent (for instance small molecule compounds, proteins,glycoproteins, or antibodies that break tolerance to tumor and cancerantigens). Examples of such compounds are molecules that block theactivity of CTLA-4, such as MDX-010 (ipilimumab) (Phan et al., PNAS USA100, 8372 (2003)).

In one embodiment, a therapeutic agent for use in combination with ananti-TF antibody for treating the disorders as described above may be atumor suppressor gene-containing nucleic acid or vector such as areplication-deficient adenovirus encoding human recombinant wild-typep53/SCH58500, etc.; antisense nucleic acids targeted to oncogenes,mutated, or deregulated genes; or siRNA targeted to mutated orderegulated genes. Examples of tumor suppressor targets include, forexample, BRCA1, RB1, BRCA2, DPC4 (Smad4), MSH2, MLH1, and DCC.

In one embodiment, a therapeutic agent for use in combination with ananti-TF antibody for treating the disorders as described above may be ananti-cancer nucleic acid, such as genasense (augmerosen/G3139), LY900003(ISIS 3521), ISIS 2503, OGX-011 (ISIS 112989), LE-AON/LEraf-AON(liposome encapsulated c-raf antisense oligonucleotide/ISIS-5132), MG98,and other antisense nucleic acids that target PKCα, clusterin, IGFBPs,protein kinase A, cyclin D1, or Bcl-2h.

In one embodiment, a therapeutic agent for use in combination with ananti-TF antibody for treating the disorders as described above may be ananti-cancer inhibitory RNA molecule (see for instance Lin et al., CurrCancer Drug Targets. 1(3), 241-7 (2001), Erratum in: Curr Cancer DrugTargets. 3(3), 237 (2003), Lima et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 11(5), 309-16(2004), Grzmil et al., Int J Oncol. 4(1), 97-105 (2004), Collis et al.,Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 57(2 Suppl), S144 (2003), Yang et al.,Oncogene. 22(36), 5694-701 (2003) and Zhang et al., Biochem Biophys ResCommun. 303(4), 1169-78 (2003)).

Compositions and combination administration methods of the presentinvention also include the administration of nucleic acid vaccines, suchas naked DNA vaccines encoding such cancer antigens/tumor-associatedantigens (see for instance U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,466, U.S. Pat. No.5,593,972, U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,057, U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,687, U.S. Pat.No. 6,235,523, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,888). In one embodiment, thecombination administration method and/or combination compositioncomprises an autologous vaccine composition. In one embodiment, thecombination composition and/or combination administration methodcomprises a whole cell vaccine or cytokine-expressing cell (for instancea recombinant IL-2 expressing fibroblast, recombinantcytokine-expressing dendritic cell, and the like) (see for instanceKowalczyk et al., Acta Biochim Pol. 50(3), 613-24 (2003), Reilly et al.,Methods Mol Med. 69, 233-57 (2002) and Tirapu et al., Curr Gene Ther.2(1), 79-89 (2002). Another example of such an autologous cell approachthat may be useful in combination methods of the present invention isthe MyVax® Personalized Immunotherapy method (previously referred to asGTOP-99) (Genitope Corporation—Redwood City, Calif., USA).

In one embodiment, the present invention provides combinationcompositions and combination administration methods wherein an anti-TFantibody is combined or co-administered with a virus, viral proteins,and the like. Replication-deficient viruses, that generally are capableof one or only a few rounds of replication in vivo, and that aretargeted to tumor cells, may for instance be useful components of suchcompositions and methods. Such viral agents may comprise or beassociated with nucleic acids encoding immunostimulants, such as GM-CSFand/or IL-2. Both naturally oncolytic and such recombinant oncolyticviruses (for instance HSV-1 viruses, reoviruses, replication-deficientand replication-sensitive adenovirus, etc.) may be useful components ofsuch methods and compositions. Accordingly, in one embodiment, thepresent invention provides combination compositions and combinationadministration methods wherein an anti-TF antibody is combined orco-administered with an oncolytic virus. Examples of such virusesinclude oncolytic adenoviruses and herpes viruses, which may or may notbe modified viruses (see for instance Shah et al., J Neurooncol. 65(3),203-26 (2003), Stiles et al., Surgery. 134(2), 357-64 (2003), Sunarmuraet al., Pancreas. 28(3), 326-9 (2004), Teshigahara et al., J Surg Oncol.85(1), 42-7 (2004), Varghese et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 9(12), 967-78(2002), Wildner et al., Cancer Res. 59(2), 410-3 (1999), Yamanaka, Int JOncol. 24(4), 919-23 (2004) and Zwiebel et al., Semin Oncol. 28(4),336-43 (2001).

Combination compositions and combination administration methods of thepresent invention may also involve “whole cell and “adoptive”immunotherapy methods. For instance, such methods may comprise infusionor re-infusion of immune system cells (for instance tumor-infiltratinglymphocytes (TILS), such as CD4′ and/or CD8′ T cells (for instance Tcells expanded with tumor-specific antigens and/or geneticenhancements), antibody-expressing B cells or other antibodyproducing/presenting cells, dendritic cells (e.g., anti-cytokineexpressing recombinant dendritic cells, dendritic cells cultured with aDC-expanding agent such as GM-CSF and/or Flt3-L, and/or tumor-associatedantigen-loaded dendritic cells), anti-tumor NK cells, so-called hybridcells, or combinations thereof. Cell lysates may also be useful in suchmethods and compositions. Cellular “vaccines” in clinical trials thatmay be useful in such aspects include Canvaxin™, APC-8015 (Dendreon),HSPPC-96 (Antigenics), and Melacine® cell lysates. Antigens shed fromcancer cells, and mixtures thereof (see for instance Bystryn et al.,Clinical Cancer Research Vol. 7, 1882-1887, July 2001), optionallyadmixed with adjuvants such as alum, may also be components in suchmethods and combination compositions.

In one embodiment, an anti-TF antibody may be delivered to a patient incombination with the application of an internal vaccination method.Internal vaccination refers to induced tumor or cancer cell death, suchas drug-induced or radiation-induced cell death of tumor cells, in apatient, that typically leads to elicitation of an immune responsedirected towards (i) the tumor cells as a whole or (ii) parts of thetumor cells including (a) secreted proteins, glycoproteins or otherproducts, (b) membrane-associated proteins or glycoproteins or othercomponents associated with or inserted in membranes, and/or (c)intracellular proteins or other intracellular components. An internalvaccination-induced immune response may be humoral (i.e.antibody—complement-mediated) or cell-mediated (e.g., the developmentand/or increase of endogenous cytotoxic T lymphocytes that recognize theinternally killed tumor cells or parts thereof). In addition toradiotherapy, non-limiting examples of drugs and agents that may be usedto induce said tumor cell-death and internal vaccination areconventional chemotherapeutic agents, cell-cycle inhibitors,anti-angiogenesis drugs, monoclonal antibodies, apoptosis-inducingagents, and signal transduction inhibitors.

Examples of other anti-cancer agents, which may be relevant astherapeutic agents for use in combination with an anti-TF antibody fortreating the disorders as described above are differentiation inducingagents, retinoic acid analogues (such as all trans retinoic acid, 13-cisretinoic acid and similar agents), vitamin D analogues (such asseocalcitol and similar agents), inhibitors of ErbB3, ErbB4, IGF-IR,insulin receptor, PDGFRa, PDGFRbeta, Flk2, Flt4, FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3,FGFR4, TRKA, TRKC, c-met, Ron, Sea, Tie, Tie2, Eph, Ret, Ros, Alk, LTK,PTK7 and similar agents.

Examples of other anti-cancer agents, which may be relevant astherapeutic agents for use in combination with an anti-TF antibody fortreating the disorders as described above are cathepsin B, modulators ofcathepsin D dehydrogenase activity, glutathione-S-transferase (such asglutacylcysteine synthetase and lactate dehydrogenase), and similaragents.

Examples of other anti-cancer agents, which may be relevant astherapeutic agents for use in combination with an anti-TF antibody fortreating the disorders as described above are estramustine andepirubicin.

Examples of other anti-cancer agents, which may be relevant astherapeutic agents for use in combination with an anti-TF antibody fortreating the disorders as described above are a HSP90 inhibitor like17-allyl amino geld-anamycin, antibodies directed against a tumorantigen such as PSA, CA125, KSA, etc., integrins like integrin β1,inhibitors of VCAM and similar agents.

Examples of other anti-cancer agents, which may be relevant astherapeutic agents for use in combination with an anti-TF antibody fortreating the disorders as described above are calcineurin-inhibitors(such as valspodar, PSC 833 and other MDR-1 or p-glycoproteininhibitors), TOR-inhibitors (such as sirolimus, everolimus andrapamcyin). and inhibitors of “lymphocyte homing” mechanisms (such asFTY720), and agents with effects on cell signaling such as adhesionmolecule inhibitors (for instance anti-LFA, etc.).

In one embodiment, the anti-TF antibody of the invention is for use incombination with one or more other therapeutic antibodies, such asbevacizumab (Avastin®), zalutumumab, cetuximab (Erbitux®), panitumumab(Vectibix™), ofatumumab, zanolimumab, daratumumab, ranibizumab(Lucentis®), Zenapax, Simulect, Remicade, Humira, Tysabri, Xolair,raptiva, nimotuzumab, rituximab and/or trastuzumab (Herceptin®). Othertherapeutic antibodies which may be used in combination with theantibody of the present invention are those disclosed in WO98/40408(antibodies that can bind native human TF), WO04/094475 (antibodiescapable of binding to human tissue factor, which do not inhibit factormediated blood coagulation compared to a normal plasma control),WO03/093422 (antibodies that bind with greater affinity to the TF:VIIacomplex than to TF alone), or WO03/037361 (TF agonist or antagonist fortreatment related to apoptosis).

In another embodiment, two or more different antibodies of the inventionas described herein are used in combination for the treatment ofdisease. Particularly interesting combinations include two or morenon-competing antibodies. Thus, in one embodiment, a patient is treatedwith a combination of an antibody of cross-block Group I defined hereinwith an antibody of Group II or III, as defined herein. In anotherembodiment, a patient is treated with a combination of an antibody ofGroup II as defined herein below, with an antibody of Group III. Suchcombination therapy may lead to binding of an increased number ofantibody molecules per cell, which may give increase efficacy, e.g. viaactivation of complement-mediated lysis.

In one embodiment, an anti-TF antibody may be administered in connectionwith the delivery of one or more agents that promote access of theanti-TF antibody or combination composition to the interior of a tumor.Such methods may for example be performed in association with thedelivery of a relaxin, which is capable of relaxing a tumor (see forinstance U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,977). In one embodiment, an anti-TFantibody of the present invention may be bonded to a cell penetratingpeptide (CPP). Cell penetrating peptides and related peptides (such asengineered cell penetrating antibodies) are described in for instanceZhao et al., J Immunol Methods. 254(1-2), 137-45 (2001), Hong et al.,Cancer Res. 60(23), 6551-6 (2000). Lindgren et al., Biochem J. 377(Pt1), 69-76 (2004), Buerger et al., J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 129(12),669-75 (2003), Pooga et al., FASEB J. 12(1), 67-77 (1998) and Tseng etal., Mol Pharmacol. 62(4), 864-72 (2002).

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatinga disorder involving cells expressing TF in a subject, which methodcomprises administration of a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-TF antibody and at least one anti-inflammatory agent to a subjectin need thereof

In one embodiment such an anti-inflammatory agent may be selected fromaspirin and other salicylates, Cox-2 inhibitors (such as rofecoxib andcelecoxib), NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen, fenoprofen, naproxen, sulindac,diclofenac, piroxicam, ketoprofen, diflunisal, nabumetone, etodolac,oxaprozin, and indomethacin), anti-IL6R antibodies, anti-IL8 antibodies(e.g. antibodies described in WO2004058797, e.g. 10F8), anti-IL15antibodies (e.g. antibodies described in WO03017935 and WO2004076620),anti-IL15R antibodies, anti-CD4 antibodies (e.g. zanolimumab),anti-CD11a antibodies (e.g., efalizumab), anti-alpha-4/beta-1 integrin(VLA4) antibodies (e.g. natalizumab), CTLA4-Ig for the treatment ofinflammatory diseases, prednisolone, prednisone, disease modifyingantirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine,sulfasalazine, pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors (such as leflunomide),IL-1 receptor blocking agents (such as anakinra), TNF-α blocking agents(such as etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab) and similar agents.

In one embodiment, such an immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulatoryagent may be selected from cyclosporine, azathioprine, mycophenolicacid, mycophenolate mofetil, corticosteroids such as prednisone,methotrexate, gold salts, sulfasalazine, antimalarials, brequinar,leflunomide, mizoribine, 15-deoxyspergualine, 6-mercaptopurine,cyclophosphamide, rapamycin, tacrolimus (FK-506), OKT3, anti-thymocyteglobulin, thymopentin, thymosin-α and similar agents.

In one embodiment, such an immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulatoryagent may be selected from immunosuppressive antibodies, such asantibodies binding to p75 of the IL-2 receptor, antibodies against CD25(e.g. those described in WO2004045512, such as AB1, AB7, AB11, andAB12), or antibodies binding to for instance MHC, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7,CD28, B7, CD40, CD45, IFNγ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6R, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10,CD11a, or CD58, or antibodies binding to their ligands.

In one embodiment, such an immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulatoryagent may be selected from soluble IL-15R, IL-10, B7 molecules (B7-1,B7-2, variants thereof, and fragments thereof), ICOS, and OX40, aninhibitor of a negative T cell regulator (such as an antibody againstCTLA4) and similar agents.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatinga disorder involving cells expressing TF in a subject, which methodcomprises administration of a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-TF antibody and an anti-C3b(i) antibody to a subject in needthereof

In one embodiment, a therapeutic agent for use in combination withanti-TF antibodies for treating the disorders as described above may beselected from histone deacetylase inhibitors (for instancephenylbutyrate) and/or DNA repair agents (for instance DNA repairenzymes and related compositions such as dimericine).

Methods of the present invention for treating a disorder as describedabove comprising administration of a therapeutically effective amount ofan anti-TF antibody may also comprise anti-cancer directed photodynamictherapy (for instance anti-cancer laser therapy—which optionally may bepracticed with the use of photosensitizing agent, see, for instanceZhang et al., J Control Release. 93(2), 141-50 (2003)), anti-cancersound-wave and shock-wave therapies (see for instance Kambe et al., HumCell. 10(1), 87-94 (1997)), and/or anti-cancer nutraceutical therapy(see for instance Roudebush et al., Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.34(1), 249-69, viii (2004) and Rafi, Nutrition. 20(1), 78-82 (2004).Likewise, an anti-TF antibody may be used for the preparation of apharmaceutical composition for treating a disorder as described above tobe administered with anti-cancer directed photodynamic therapy (forinstance anti-cancer laser therapy—which optionally may be practicedwith the use of photosensitizing agent, anti-cancer sound-wave andshock-wave therapies, and/or anti-cancer nutraceutical therapy.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatinga disorder involving cells expressing TF in a subject, which methodcomprises administration of a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-TF antibody, such as an anti-TF antibody of the present invention,and radiotherapy to a subject in need thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treatingor preventing cancer, which method comprises administration of atherapeutically effective amount of an anti-TF antibody, such as ananti-TF antibody of the present invention, and radiotherapy to a subjectin need thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides the use of an anti-TFantibody, such as an anti-TF antibody of the present invention, for thepreparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating cancer to beadministered in combination with radiotherapy.

Radiotherapy may comprise radiation or associated administration ofradiopharmaceuticals to a patient is provided. The source of radiationmay be either external or internal to the patient being treated(radiation treatment may, for example, be in the form of external beamradiation therapy (EBRT) or brachytherapy (BT)). Radioactive elementsthat may be used in practicing such methods include, e.g., radium,cesium-137, iridium-192, americium-241, gold-198, cobalt-57, copper-67,technetium-99, iodide-123, iodide-131, and indium-111.

In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method fortreating or preventing cancer, which method comprises administration toa subject in need thereof of a therapeutically effective amount of ananti-TF antibody, such as an anti-TF antibody of the present invention,in combination with surgery.

As described above, a pharmaceutical composition of the presentinvention may be administered in combination therapy, i.e., combinedwith one or more agents relevant for the disease or condition to betreated either as separate pharmaceutical compositions or with acompound of the present invention coformulated with one or moreadditional therapeutic agents as described above. Such combinationtherapies may require lower dosages of the compound of the presentinvention and/or the co-administered agents, thus avoiding possibletoxicities or complications associated with the various monotherapies.

In addition to the above, other interesting combination therapiesinclude the following:

-   -   For the treatment of pancreatic cancer an anti-TF antibody in        combination with an antimetabolite, such as 5-fluorouracil        and/or gemcitabine, possibly in combination with one or more        compounds selected from: 90Y-hPAM4, ARC-100, ARQ-197, AZD-6244,        bardoxolone methyl, cixutumumab, (IMC-A12), folitixorin calcium,        GVAX, ipilimumab, KRX-0601, merbarone, MGCD-0103, MORAb-009,        PX-12, Rh-Apo2L, TLN-4601, trabedersen, volociximab (M200),        WX-671, pemetrexed, rubitecan, ixabepilone, OCX-0191Vion,        216586-46-8, lapatinib, matuzumab, imatinib, sorafinib,        trastuzumab, exabepilone, erlotinib, avastin and cetuximab    -   For the treatment of colorectal cancer an anti-TF antibody in        combination with one or more compounds selected from:        gemcitabine, bevacizumab, FOLFOX, FOLFIRI, XELOX, IFL,        oxaliplatin, irinotecan, 5-FU/LV, Capecitabine, UFT, EGFR        targeting agents, such as cetuximab. panitumumab, zalutumumab,        nimotuzumab; VEGF inhibitors, or tyrosine kinase inhibitors such        as sunitinib.    -   For the treatment of breast cancer an anti-TF antibody in        combination with one or more compounds selected from:        antimetabolites, anthracyclines, taxanes, alkylating agents,        epothilones anti-hormonal (femar, tamoxifen etc), inhibitors of        ErbB2 (Her2/neu) (such as herceptin and similar agents), CAF/FAC        (cyclofosfamide, doxorubicine, 5FU) AC (cyclo, doxo), CMF        (cyclo, methotrexate, 5FU), Docetaxel+capecitabine, GT        (paclitaxel, gemcitabine) FEC (cyclo, epi, 5FU) in combination        with herceptine: Paclitaxel+/−carboplatin, Vinorelbine,        Docetaxel, CT in combination with lapatinib; Capecitabine    -   For the treatment of bladder an anti-TF antibody in combination        with one or more compounds selected from: antimetabolites        (gemcitabine, alimta, methotrexate), platinum analogues        (cisplatin, carboplatin), EGFr inhibitors (such as cetuximab or        zalutumumab), VEGF inhibitors (such as Avastin) doxorubicin,        tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as gefitinib, trastuzumab,        anti-mitotic agent, such as taxanes, for instance paclitaxel,        and vinca alkaloids, for instance vinblastine.    -   For the treatment of prostate cancer an anti-TF antibody in        combination with one or more compounds selected from:        hormonal/antihormonal therapies; such as antiandrogens,        Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, and        chemotherapeutics such as taxanes, mitoxantrone, estramustine,        5FU, vinblastine, ixabepilone,    -   For the treatment of ovarian cancer an anti-TF antibody in        combination with one or more compounds selected from: an        anti-mitotic agent, such as taxanes, and vinca alkaloids,        caelyx, topotecan.

Diagnostic Uses

The anti-TF antibodies of the invention may also be used for diagnosticpurposes. Thus, in a further aspect, the invention relates to adiagnostic composition comprising an anti-TF antibody as defined herein.

In one embodiment, the anti-TF antibodies of the present invention maybe used in vivo or in vitro for diagnosing diseases wherein activatedcells expressing TF play an active role in the pathogenesis, bydetecting levels of TF, or levels of cells which contain TF on theirmembrane surface. This may be achieved, for example, by contacting asample to be tested, optionally along with a control sample, with theanti-TF antibody under conditions that allow for formation of a complexbetween the antibody and TF. Complex formation is then detected (e.g.,using an ELISA). When using a control sample along with the test sample,complex is detected in both samples and any statistically significantdifference in the formation of complexes between the samples isindicative of the presence of TF in the test sample.

Thus, in a further aspect, the invention relates to a method fordetecting the presence of TF antigen, or a cell expressing TF, in asample comprising:

contacting the sample with an anti-TF antibody of the invention or abispecific molecule of the invention, under conditions that allow forformation of a complex between the antibody and TF; and

analyzing whether a complex has been formed.

In one embodiment, the method is performed in vitro.

More specifically, the present invention provides methods for theidentification of, and diagnosis of invasive cells and tissues, andother cells targeted by anti-TF antibodies of the present invention, andfor the monitoring of the progress of therapeutic treatments, statusafter treatment, risk of developing cancer, cancer progression, and thelike.

In one example of such a diagnostic assay, the present inventionprovides a method of diagnosing the level of invasive cells in a tissuecomprising forming an immunocomplex between an anti-TF antibody andpotential TF-containing tissues, and detecting formation of theimmunocomplex, wherein the formation of the immunocomplex correlateswith the presence of invasive cells in the tissue. The contacting may beperformed in vivo, using labeled isolated antibodies and standardimaging techniques, or may be performed in vitro on tissue samples.

Anti-TF antibodies may be used to detect TF-containing peptides andpeptide fragments in any suitable biological sample by any suitabletechnique. Examples of conventional immunoassays provided by the presentinvention include, without limitation, an ELISA, an RIA, FACS assays,plasmon resonance assays, chromatographic assays, tissueimmunohistochemistry, Western blot, and/or immunoprecipitation using ananti-TF antibody. Anti-TF antibodies of the present invention may beused to detect TF and TF-fragments from humans. Suitable labels for theanti-TF antibody and/or secondary antibodies used in such techniquesinclude, without limitation, various enzymes, prosthetic groups,fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, and radioactive materials.Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkalinephosphatase, β-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples ofsuitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin andavidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials includeumbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine,dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin; anexample of a luminescent material includes luminol; and examples ofsuitable radioactive material include ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S, and ³H.

Anti-TF antibodies may also be assayed in a biological sample by acompetition immunoassay utilizing TF peptide standards labeled with adetectable substance and an unlabeled anti-TF antibody. In such anassay, the biological sample, the labeled TF peptide standard(s) and theanti-TF antibodies are combined and the amount of labeled TF standardbound to the unlabeled anti-TF antibody is determined. The amount of TFpeptide in the biological sample is inversely proportional to the amountof labeled TF standard bound to the anti-TF antibody.

The anti-TF antibodies are particularly useful in the in vivo imaging oftumors. In vivo imaging of tumors associated with TF may be performed byany suitable technique. For example, ⁹⁹Tc-labeling or labeling withanother gamma-ray emitting isotope may be used to label anti-TFantibodies in tumors or secondary labeled (e.g., FITC labeled) anti-TFantibody:TF complexes from tumors and imaged with a gamma scintillationcamera (e.g., an Elscint Apex 409ECT device), typically usinglow-energy, high resolution collimator or a low-energy all-purposecollimator. Stained tissues may then be assessed for radioactivitycounting as an indicator of the amount of TF-associated peptides in thetumor. The images obtained by the use of such techniques may be used toassess biodistribution of TF in a patient, mammal, or tissue, forexample in the context of using TF or TF-fragments as a biomarker forthe presence of invasive cancer cells. Variations on this technique mayinclude the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve imagingover gamma camera techniques. Similar immunoscintigraphy methods andprinciples are described in, e.g., Srivastava (ed.), RadiolabeledMonoclonal Antibodies For Imaging And Therapy (Plenum Press 1988),Chase, “Medical Applications of Radioisotopes,” in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition, Gennaro et al., (eds.), pp.624-652 (Mack Publishing Co., 1990), and Brown, “Clinical Use ofMonoclonal Antibodies,” in Biotechnology And Pharmacy 227-49, Pezzuto etal., (eds.) (Chapman & Hall 1993). Such images may also be used fortargeted delivery of other anti-cancer agents, examples of which aredescribed herein (e.g., apoptotic agents, toxins, or CHOP chemotherapycompositions). Moreover, such images may also or alternatively serve asthe basis for surgical techniques to remove tumors. Furthermore, such invivo imaging techniques may allow for the identification andlocalization of a tumor in a situation where a patient is identified ashaving a tumor (due to the presence of other biomarkers, metastases,etc.), but the tumor cannot be identified by traditional analyticaltechniques. All of these methods are features of the present invention.

The in vivo imaging and other diagnostic methods provided by the presentinvention are particularly useful in the detection of micrometastases ina human patient (e.g., a patient not previously diagnosed with cancer ora patient in a period of recovery/remission from a cancer). Carcinomacancer cells, which may make up to 90% of all cancer cells, for example,have been demonstrated to stain very well with anti-TF antibodyconjugate compositions. Detection with monoclonal anti-TF antibodiesdescribed herein may be indicative of the presence of carcinomas thatare aggressive/invasive and also or alternatively provide an indicationof the feasibility of using related monoclonal anti-TF antibody againstsuch micrometastases.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an in vivo imagingmethod wherein an anti-TF antibody of the present invention isconjugated to a detection-promoting radio-opaque agent, the conjugatedantibody is administered to a host, such as by injection into thebloodstream, and the presence and location of the labeled antibody inthe host is assayed. Through this technique and any other diagnosticmethod provided herein, the present invention provides a method forscreening for the presence of disease-related cells in a human patientor a biological sample taken from a human patient.

For diagnostic imaging, radioisotopes may be bound to a anti-TF antibodyeither directly, or indirectly by using an intermediary functionalgroup. Useful intermediary functional groups include chelators, such asethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(see for instance U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,313).

In addition to radioisotopes and radio-opaque agents, diagnostic methodsmay be performed using anti-TF antibodies that are conjugated to dyes(such as with the biotin-streptavidin complex), contrast agents,fluorescent compounds or molecules and enhancing agents (e.g.paramagnetic ions) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (see, e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 6,331,175, which describes MRI techniques and the preparationof antibodies conjugated to a MRI enhancing agent). Suchdiagnostic/detection agents may be selected from agents for use inmagnetic resonance imaging, and fluorescent compounds. In order to loadan anti-TF antibody with radioactive metals or paramagnetic ions, it maybe necessary to react it with a reagent having a long tail to which areattached a multiplicity of chelating groups for binding the ions. Such atail may be a polymer such as a polylysine, polysaccharide, or otherderivatized or derivatizable chain having pendant groups to which may bebound chelating groups such as, e.g., porphyrins, polyamines, crownethers, bisthiosemicarbazones, polyoximes, and like groups known to beuseful for this purpose. Chelates may be coupled to anti-TF antibodiesusing standard chemistries.

Thus, the present invention provides diagnostic anti-TF antibodyconjugates, wherein the anti-TF antibody is conjugated to a contrastagent (such as for magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, orultrasound contrast-enhancing agent) or a radionuclide that may be, forexample, a gamma-, beta-, alpha-, Auger electron-, or positron-emittingisotope.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to a kit for detecting thepresence of TF antigen, or a cell expressing TF, in a sample comprising

an anti-TF antibody of the invention or a bispecific molecule of theinvention; and

instructions for use of the kit.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a kit for diagnosis ofcancer comprising a container comprising an anti-TF antibody, and one ormore reagents for detecting binding of the anti-TF antibody to a TFpeptide. Reagents may include, for example, fluorescent tags, enzymatictags, or other detectable tags. The reagents may also include secondaryor tertiary antibodies or reagents for enzymatic reactions, wherein theenzymatic reactions produce a product that may be visualized. In oneembodiment, the present invention provides a diagnostic kit comprisingone or more anti-TF antibodies, of the present invention in labeled orunlabeled form in suitable container(s), reagents for the incubationsfor an indirect assay, and substrates or derivatizing agents fordetection in such an assay, depending on the nature of the label.Control reagent(s) and instructions for use also may be included.

Diagnostic kits may also be supplied for use with an anti-TF antibody,such as a conjugated/labeled anti-TF antibody, for the detection of acellular activity or for detecting the presence of TF peptides in atissue sample or host. In such diagnostic kits, as well as in kits fortherapeutic uses described elsewhere herein, an anti-TF antibodytypically may be provided in a lyophilized form in a container, eitheralone or in conjunction with additional antibodies specific for a targetcell or peptide. Typically, a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier (e.g.,an inert diluent) and/or components thereof, such as a Tris, phosphate,or carbonate buffer, stabilizers, preservatives, biocides, biocides,inert proteins, e.g., serum albumin, or the like, also are included(typically in a separate container for mixing) and additional reagents(also typically in separate container(s)). In certain kits, a secondaryantibody capable of binding to the anti-TF antibody, which typically ispresent in a separate container, is also included. The second antibodyis typically conjugated to a label and formulated in manner similar tothe anti-TF antibody the present invention. Using the methods describedabove and elsewhere herein anti-TF antibodies may be used to definesubsets of cancer/tumor cells and characterize such cells and relatedtissues/growths.

In situ detection may be accomplished by removing a histologicalspecimen from a patient, and providing the combination of labeledanti-TF antibodies, of the present invention to such a specimen. Theanti-TF antibody of the present invention may be provided by applying orby overlaying the labeled anti-TF antibody of the present invention to abiological sample. Through the use of such a procedure, it is possibleto determine not only the presence of TF or TF-fragments but also thedistribution of such peptides in the examined tissue (e.g., in thecontext of assessing the spread of cancer cells). Using the presentinvention, those of ordinary skill will readily perceive that any of awide variety of histological methods (such as staining procedures) maybe modified in order to achieve such in situ detection.

In a further aspect, the invention relates to an anti-idiotypic antibodywhich binds to an anti-TF antibody of the invention as described herein.

An anti-idiotypic (Id) antibody is an antibody which recognizes uniquedeterminants generally associated with the antigen-binding site of anantibody. An Id antibody may be prepared by immunizing an animal of thesame species and genetic type as the source of an anti-TF mAb with themAb to which an anti-Id is being prepared. The immunized animaltypically can recognize and respond to the idiotypic determinants of theimmunizing antibody by producing an antibody to these idiotypicdeterminants (the anti-Id antibody). Such antibodies are described infor instance U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,880. Such antibodies are furtherfeatures of the present invention.

An anti-Id antibody may also be used as an “immunogen” to induce animmune response in yet another animal, producing a so-calledanti-anti-Id antibody. An anti-anti-Id may be epitopically identical tothe original mAb, which induced the anti-Id. Thus, by using antibodiesto the idiotypic determinants of a mAb, it is possible to identify otherclones expressing antibodies of identical specificity. Anti-Idantibodies may be varied (thereby producing anti-Id antibody variants)and/or derivatized by any suitable technique, such as those describedelsewhere herein with respect to anti-TF antibodies of the presentinvention. For example, anti-Id mAbs may be coupled to a carrier such askeyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and used to immunize BALB/c mice. Serafrom these mice typically will contain anti-anti-Id antibodies that havethe binding properties similar if not identical to an original/parent TFantibody.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following exampleswhich should not be construed as further limiting.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Expression Constructs for Tissue Factor (TF)

Fully codon-optimized constructs for expression of TF or itsextracellular domains in HEK, NS0 or CHO cells, were generated. Theproteins encoded by these constructs are identical to Genbank accessionNP_(—)001984 for TF. The constructs contained suitable restriction sitesfor cloning and an optimal Kozak sequence (Kozak, 1987). The constructswere cloned in the mammalian expression vector pEE13.4 (Lonza Biologics)(Bebbington, Renner et al. 1992), obtaining pEE13.4TF. PCR was used toamplify the part, encoding the extracellular domain (ECD) (amino acid1-251) of TF, from the synthetic construct, adding a C-terminal His tagcontaining 6 His residues (TFECDHis). The construct was cloned inpEE13.4 and fully sequenced to confirm the correctness of the construct.

Example 2 Transient Expression in HEK-293F Cells

Freestyle™ 293-F (a HEK-293 subclone adapted to suspension growth andchemically defined Freestyle medium, (HEK-293F)) cells were obtainedfrom Invitrogen and transfected with the appropriate plasmid DNA, using293fectin (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Inthe case of antibody expression, the appropriate heavy chain and lightchain vectors, as described in Example 10, were co-expressed.

Example 3 Semi-Stable Expression in NS0 Cells

pEE13.4TF was stably transfected in NS0 cells and stable clones wereselected on growth in the absence of glutamine and in the presence of7.5 μM of methylsulphoximine (MSX). A pool of clones was grown insuspension culture while maintaining selection pressure. Pools weretested for TF expression by FACS analysis and secured for further use.

Example 4 Stable Expression in CHO Cells

pEE13.4TF was stably transfected in CHO-K1SV (Lonza Biologics) cells andstable clones were selected on growth in the absence of glutamine and inthe presence of 50 μM MSX. Single clones were picked and expanded andtested for TF expression by FACS analysis as described below. Highexpressing clones were chosen and secured for further use.

Example 5 Purification of His-Tagged TF

TFECDhis was expressed I HEK-293F cells. The his-tag in TFECDHis enablespurification with immobilized metal affinity chromatography. In thisprocess, a chelator fixed onto the chromatographic resin is charged withCo²⁺ cations. TFECDHis-containing supernatant is incubated with theresin in batch mode (i.e. solution). The His-tagged protein bindsstrongly to the resin beads, while other proteins present in the culturesupernatant do not bind strongly. After incubation the beads areretrieved from the supernatant and packed into a column. The column iswashed in order to remove weakly bound proteins. The strongly boundTFECDHis proteins are then eluted with a buffer containing imidazole,which competes with the binding of His to Co²⁺. The eluent is removedfrom the protein by buffer exchange on a desalting column.

Example 6 Immunization Procedure of Transgenic Mice

HuMab mice were immunized every fortnight alternating with 5×10⁶semi-stable transfected NS0-TF cells, or with 20 μg of TFECDHis protein.Eight immunizations were performed in total, four intraperitoneal (IP)and four subcutaneous (SC) immunizations at the tail base. The firstimmunization with cells was done in complete Freunds' adjuvant (CFA;Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich., USA). For all other immunizations,cells were injected IP in PBS and TFECDHis was injected SC usingincomplete Freunds' adjuvant (IFA; Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.,USA). When serum titers were found to be sufficient (dilution of serumof 1/50 or lower found positive in antigen specific screening assay asdescribed in Example 7 on at least 2 sequential, biweekly screeningevents), mice were additionally boosted twice intravenously (IV) with 10μg TFECDHis protein in 100 μl PBS, 4 and 3 days before fusion. The firstimmunization with cells was done in CFA, for all other (7) immunizationscells were injected IP in PBS. When serum titers were found to besufficient, mice were additionally boosted twice IV with 1×10⁶transiently semi-stable transfected NS0-TF cells in 100 μl PBS, 4 and 3days before fusion.

When serum titers were found to be sufficient (defined as above), micewere additionally boosted twice intravenously (IV) with 10 μg TFECDHisprotein in 100 μl PBS, 4 and 3 days before fusion.

Example 7 Homogeneous Antigen Specific Screening Assay

The presence of anti-TF antibodies in sera of immunized mice or HuMab(human monoclonal antibody) hybridoma or transfectoma culturesupernatant was determined by homogeneous antigen specific screeningassays (four quadrant) using Fluorometric Micro volume Assay Technology(FMAT; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., USA).

For this, a combination of 3 cell based assays and one bead based assaywas used. In the cell based assays, binding to TH1015-TF (HEK-293F cellstransiently expressing TF; produced as described above) and A431 (whichexpress TF at the cell surface) as well as HEK293 wild type cells (donot express TF, negative control) was determined. In the bead basedassay, binding to biotinylated TF coupled on a streptavidin bead(SB1015-TF) was determined.

Samples were added to the cells/beads to allow binding to TF.Subsequently, binding of HuMab was detected using a fluorescentconjugate (Goat anti-Human IgG-Cy5; Jackson ImmunoResearch). Mouseanti-human TF antibody (ERL; coupled to Alexa-647 at Genmab) was used aspositive control, HuMAb-mouse pooled serum and mouse-chrompure-Alexa647antibody were used as negative controls. The samples were scanned usingan Applied Biosystems 8200 Cellular Detection System (8200 CDS) and‘counts×fluorescence’ was used as read-out.

Example 8 HuMab Hybridoma Generation

HuMab mice with sufficient antigen-specific titer development (definedas above) were euthanized and the spleen and lymph nodes flanking theabdominal aorta and vena cava were collected. Fusion of splenocytes andlymph node cells to a mouse myeloma cell line was done by electrofusionusing a CEEF 50 Electrofusion System (Cyto Pulse Sciences, Glen Burnie,Md., USA), essentially according to the manufacturer's instructions.Selection and culturing of the resulting HuMab hybridomas was done basedupon standard protocols (e.g. as described in Coligan J. E., Bierer, B.E., Margulies, D. H., Shevach, E. M. and Strober, W., eds. CurrentProtocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006).

Example 9 Mass Spectrometry of Purified Antibodies

Small aliquots of 0.8 ml antibody containing supernatant from 6-well orHyperflask stage were purified using PhyTip columns containing Protein Gresin (PhyNexus Inc., San Jose, USA) on a Sciclone ALH 3000 workstation(Caliper Lifesciences, Hopkinton, USA). The PhyTtip columns were usedaccording to manufacturers instructions, but buffers were replaced by:Binding Buffer PBS (B. Braun, Medical B. V., Oss, Netherlands) andElution Buffer 0.1M Glycine-HCl pH 2.7 (Fluka Riedel-de Haën, Buchs,Germany). After purification, samples were neutralized with 2M Tris-HClpH 9.0 (Sigma-Aldrich, Zwijndrecht, Netherlands). Alternatively, in somecases larger volumes of culture supernatant were purified using ProteinA affinity column chromatography.

After purification, the samples were placed in a 384-well plate (Waters,100 μl square well plate, part#186002631). Samples were deglycosylatedovernight at 37° C. with N-glycosidase F (Roche cat no 11365177001. DTT(15 mg/ml) was added (1 μl/well) and incubated for 1 h at 37° C. Samples(5 or 6 μl) were desalted on an Acquity UPLC™ (Waters, Milford, USA)with a BEH300 C18, 1.7 μm, 2.1×50 mm column at 60° C. MQ water and LC-MSgrade acetonitrile (Biosolve, cat no 01204101, Valkenswaard, TheNetherlands) with both 0.1% formic acid (Fluka, cat no 56302, Buchs,Germany), were used as Eluens A and B, respectively. Time-of-flightelectrospray ionization mass spectra were recorded on-line on amicrOTOF™ mass spectrometer (Bruker, Bremen, Germany) operating in thepositive ion mode. Prior to analysis, a 900-3000 m/z scale wascalibrated with ES tuning mix (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA).Mass spectra were deconvoluted with DataAnalysis™ software v. 3.4(Bruker) using the Maximal Entropy algorithm searching for molecularweights between 5 and 80 kDa.

After deconvolution the resulting heavy and light chain masses for allsamples were compared in order to find duplicate antibodies. In thecomparison of the heavy chains the possible presence of C-terminallysine variants was taken into account. This resulted in a list ofunique antibodies, where unique is defined as a unique combination ofheavy and light chains. In case duplicate antibodies were found, theresults from other tests were used to decide which was the best materialto continue experiments with.

MS analysis of the molecular weights of heavy and light chains of 118 TFspecific hybridomas yielded 70 unique antibodies (unique heavychain/light chain combination). These were characterized in a number offunctional assays, identifying 14 lead candidates, TF specificantibodies.

Example 10 Sequence Analysis of the Anti-TF HuMab Variable Domains andCloning in Expression Vectors

Total RNA of the anti-TF HuMabs was prepared from 5×10⁶ hybridoma cellsand 5′-RACE-Complementary DNA (cDNA) was prepared from 100 ng total RNA,using the SMART RACE cDNA Amplification kit (Clontech), according to themanufacturer's instructions. VH (variable region of heavy chain) and VL(variable region of light chain) coding regions were amplified by PCRand cloned into the pCR-Blunt II-TOPO vector (Invitrogen) using the ZeroBlunt PCR cloning kit (Invitrogen). For each HuMab, 16 VL clones and 8VH clones were sequenced. The sequences are given in the SequenceListing and FIG. 1 herein.

Table 1A and Table 1 B (below) give an overview of the antibodysequences information and most homologous germline sequences.

TABLE 1A Heavy chain homologies J-GENE D-GENE CDR-IMGT Ab V-GENE andallele V-REGION Identity, % and allele and allele lengths 003IGHV1-69*02, or IGHV1-69*04 97.57% (281/288 nt) IGHJ4*02 IGHD6-13*01 [8,8, 11] 098 IGHV1-69*04 95.49% (275/288 nt) IGHJ3*02 IGHD2-21*02 [8, 8,11] 011 IGHV3-23*01 96.53% (278/288 nt) IGHJ4*02 IGHD1-26*01 [8, 8, 11]017 IGHV3-23*01 98.26% (283/288 nt) IGHJ2*01 IGHD2-15*01 [8, 8, 13] 092IGHV3-23*01 97.92% (282/288 nt) IGHJ4*02 IGHD7-27*01 [8, 8, 11] 101IGHV3-23*01 95.83% (276/288 nt) IGHJ4*02 IGHD7-27*01 [8, 8, 11] 025IGHV3-30-3*01 97.57% (281/288 nt) IGHJ4*02 IGHD7-27*01 [8, 8, 13] 109IGHV3-30-3*01 96.18% (277/288 nt) IGHJ4*02 IGHD7-27*01 [8, 8, 13] 111IGHV3-30-3*01 97.57% (281/288 nt) IGHJ4*02 IGHD3-10*01 [8, 8, 13] 114IGHV3-33*01, or IGHV3-33*03 94.44% (272/288 nt) IGHJ6*02 IGHD3-10*01 [8,8, 12] 013 IGHV5-51*01 99.65% (287/288 nt) IGHJ3*02 IGHD6-13*01 [8, 8,19]

TABLE 1B Light chain homologies V-GENE V-REGION J-GENE CDR-IMGT Ab andallele identity % (nt) and allele lengths 003 IGKV1-13*02  99.28%(277/279 nt) IGKJ4*01 [6.3.9] 011 IGKV1D-16*01  98.57% (275/279 nt)IGKJ2*01 [6.3.9] 013 IGKV1D-16*01  98.57% (275/279 nt) IGKJ5*01 [6.3.9]092 IGKV1D-16*01  99.28% (277/279 nt) IGKJ2*01 [6.3.10] 098 IGKV1D-16*01100.00% (279/279 nt) IGKJ2*01 [6.3.9] 101 IGKV1D-16*01 100.00% (279/279nt) IGKJ2*01 [6.3.10] 025 IGKV3-11*01 100.00% (279/279 nt) IGKJ4*01[6.3.9] 109 IGKV3-11*01  99.64% (278/279 nt) IGKJ4*01 [6.3.9] 017IGKV3-20*01  99.29% (280/282 nt) IGKJ1*01 [7.3.9] 114 IGKV3-20*01 99.65% (281/282 nt) IGKJ4*01 [7.3.8]

REFERENCES TO THE SEQUENCE LISTING

VH-region SEQ ID No: 1 VH 013 SEQ ID No: 2 VH 013, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 3 VH013, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 4 VH 013, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 5 VH 114 SEQ ID No: 6 VH114, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 7 VH 114, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 8 VH 114, CDR3 SEQ ID No:9 VH 011 SEQ ID No: 10 VH 011, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 11 VH 011, CDR2 SEQ IDNo: 12 VH 011, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 13 VH 017-D12 SEQ ID No: 14 VH 017-D12,CDR1 SEQ ID No: 15 VH 017-D12, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 16 VH 017-D12, CDR3 SEQID No: 17 VH 042 SEQ ID No: 18 VH 042, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 19 VH 042, CDR2SEQ ID No: 20 VH 042, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 21 VH 092-A09 SEQ ID No: 22 VH092-A09, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 23 VH 092-A09, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 24 VH 092-A09,CDR3 SEQ ID No: 25 VH 101 SEQ ID No: 26 VH 101, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 27 VH101, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 28 VH 101, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 29 VH 003 SEQ ID No: 30VH 003, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 31 VH 003, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 32 VH 003, CDR3 SEQID No: 33 VH 025 SEQ ID No: 34 VH 025, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 35 VH 025, CDR2SEQ ID No: 36 VH 025, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 37 VH 109 SEQ ID No: 38 VH 109,CDR1 SEQ ID No: 39 VH 109, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 40 VH 109, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 41VH 044 SEQ ID No: 42 VH 044, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 43 VH 044, CDR2 SEQ ID No:44 VH 044, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 45 VH 087-Lg6 SEQ ID No: 46 VH 087-Lg6, CDR1SEQ ID No: 47 VH 087-Lg6, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 48 VH 087-Lg6, CDR3 SEQ ID No:49 VH 098 SEQ ID No: 50 VH 098, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 51 VH 098, CDR2 SEQ IDNo: 52 VH 098, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 53 VH 111 SEQ ID No: 54 VH 111, CDR1 SEQID No: 55 VH 111, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 56 VH 111, CDR3 VL-region SEQ ID No:57 VL 013 SEQ ID No: 58 VL 013, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 59 VL 013, CDR2 SEQ IDNo: 60 VL 013, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 61 VL 114 SEQ ID No: 62 VL 114, CDR1 SEQID No: 63 VL 114, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 64 VL 114, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 65 VL 011SEQ ID No: 66 VL 011, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 67 VL 011, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 68 VL011, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 69 VL 017-D12 SEQ ID No: 70 VL 017-D12, CDR1 SEQ IDNo: 71 VL 017-D12, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 72 VL 017-D12, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 73 VL042 SEQ ID No: 74 VL 042, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 75 VL 042, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 76VL 042, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 77 VL 092-A09 SEQ ID No: 78 VL 092-A09, CDR1 SEQID No: 79 VL 092-A09, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 80 VL 092-A09, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 81VL 101 SEQ ID No: 82 VL 101, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 83 VL 101, CDR2 SEQ ID No:84 VL 101, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 85 VL 003 SEQ ID No: 86 VL 003, CDR1 SEQ IDNo: 87 VL 003, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 88 VL 003, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 89 VL 025 SEQID No: 90 VL 025, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 91 VL 025, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 92 VL 025,CDR3 SEQ ID No: 93 VL 109 SEQ ID No: 94 VL 109, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 95 VL109, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 96 VL 109, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 97 VL 044 SEQ ID No: 98VL 044, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 99 VL 044, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 100 VL 044, CDR3 SEQID No: 101 VL 087 SEQ ID No: 102 VL 087, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 103 VL 087,CDR2 SEQ ID No: 104 VL 087, CDR3 SEQ ID No: 105 VL 098 SEQ ID No: 106 VL098, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 107 VL 098, CDR2 SEQ ID No: 108 VL 098, CDR3 SEQ IDNo: 109 VL 111 SEQ ID No: 110 VL 111, CDR1 SEQ ID No: 111 VL 111, CDR2SEQ ID No: 112 VL 111, CDR3

Example 11 Purification of Antibodies

Culture supernatant was filtered over 0.2 μm dead-end filters and loadedon 5 ml Protein A columns (rProtein A FF, Amersham Bioscience) andeluted with 0.1 M citric acid-NaOH, pH 3. The eluate was immediatelyneutralized with 2M Tris-HCl, pH 9 and dialyzed overnight to 12.6 mMNaH₂PO₄, 140 mM NaCl, pH 7.4 (B. Braun). After dialysis samples weresterile filtered over 0.2 μm dead-end filters. Purity was determined bySDS-PAGE and concentration was measured by nephelometry and absorbanceat 280 nm. Purified antibodies were aliquoted and stored at −80° C. Oncethawed, purified antibody aliquots were kept at 4° C. Mass spectrometrywas performed to identify the molecular mass of the antibody heavy andlight chains expressed by the hybridomas as described in Example 9.

Example 12 Antibody Cross-Competition Studies Using Sandwich-ELI SA

ELISA plate wells were coated overnight at +4° C. with each of theanti-TF HuMabs (0.5 or 2 μg/ml 100 μL/well) diluted in PBS. The ELISAwells were washed with PBS, blocked for one hour at room temperaturewith 2% (v/v) chicken serum (Gibco, Paisley, Scotland) in PBS and washedagain with PBS. Subsequently, 50 μL anti-TF HuMab (10 μg/mL) followed by50 μL TFECDHis (0.5 or 1 μg/ml) (generated at Genmab; Example 5) wasadded, and incubated for 1 hour at RT (while shaking). Plates werewashed 3 times with PBST (PBS+0.05% tween), and incubated with 1:2000diluted anti-his biotin BAM050 for one hour at RT (while shaking).Plates were washed and incubated with Streptavidin-poly-HRP (Sanquin,Amsterdam, The Netherlands) for 20 minutes at RT, and washed again. Thereaction was further developed with ABTS (Roche Diagnostics) at RT inthe dark, stopped after 15 minutes by adding 2% (w/v) oxalic acid andthe absorbance at 405 nm was measured.

Table 2 shows that 3 cross-block groups (groups of antibodies competingwith each other for TFECDHis binding) could be identified, withantibodies 013, 044 and 087-Lg6 belonging to one cross-block group(group I), antibodies 011, 017-D12, 42, 092-A09 and 101 belonging toanother cross-block group (group II), and antibodies 003, 025, 109 and111 belonging to a third cross-block group (group III). Antibody 114 wasfound to compete for TFECDHis binding with antibodies from bothcross-block group II and III. Antibody 098 binding to TFECDHis could becompeted for by antibodies from both cross-block group II and III.

TABLE 2 Competition of anti-TF antibodies for binding to TFECDHis.

White boxes indicate no competition for binding, light grey boxesindicate partial competition for binding, and dark grey boxes indicatecompetition for binding to TFECDHis.

Example 13 Binding of Anti-TF HuMabs to the Extracellular Domain of TFin ELISA

The specificity of the obtained anti-TF HuMabs was evaluated by ELISA.ELISA plates (Microlon; Greiner Bio-One) were coated overnight at +4° C.with 0.5 μg/mL of TFECDHis in PBS, pH 7.4. Coated ELISA plates wereemptied and blocked for one hour at room temperature with 2% (v/v)chicken serum (Gibco, Paisley, Scotland) in PBS and washed with PBScontaining 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST). Subsequently, HuMabs, serially dilutedin PBSTC (PBS supplemented with 2% (v/v) chicken serum and 0.05% (v/v)Tween-20), were incubated for 1 hr at RT under shaking conditions (300rpm). Bound HuMabs were detected using HRP-conjugated goat-anti-humanIgG antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch) diluted 1:5,000 in PBSTC, whichwere incubated for 1 hr at RT under shaking conditions (300 rpm). Thereaction was further developed with ABTS (Roche Diagnostics) at RT inthe dark, stopped after 15-30 minutes by adding 2% (w/v) oxalic acid andthen the absorbance at 405 nm was measured. HuMab-KLH (a humanmonoclonal antibody against KLH (keyhole limpet haemocyanin)), was usedas a negative control. Mouse anti-human TF (ERL) was used as positivecontrol (HRP labeled anti-mouse IgG as conjugate). Binding curves wereanalyzed using non-linear regression (sigmoidal dose-response withvariable slope) using GraphPad Prism V4.03 software.

As can been seen in FIG. 3, all of the anti-TF antibodies boundTFECDHis. The EC₅₀ values for the HuMabs are the mean of 3 experimentsand varied between 0.09 and 0.46 nM (Table 3 below).

TABLE 3 HuMab EC50 group TF nM I 13 0.24 I 44 0.14 I 87-Lg6 0.09 II 110.16 II 017-D12 0.25 II 42 0.23 II 092-A09 0.18 II 101 0.28 II/III 980.13 II/III 114 0.17 III 3 0.46 III 25 0.34 III 109 0.27 III 111 0.11

Example 14 Binding of Anti-TF HuMabs to Membrane-Bound TF

Binding of anti-TF HuMabs to membrane-bound TF was determined by FACSanalysis, using TF transfected CHO cells, or TF expressing tumor celllines MDA-MB-231, (luciferase transfected) A431 and Bx-PC3.

Cells were resuspended in PBS (2×10⁶ cells/ml), put in 96-well V-bottomplates (50 μl/well). 50 μl of serially diluted HuMab in FACS buffer (PBSsupplemented with 0.1% BSA and 0.02% Na-azide) was added to the cellsand incubated for 30 minutes on ice. After washing three times with FACSbuffer, 50 μl of phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated goat anti-human IgGFc(Jackson ImmunoResearch), diluted 1:100 in FACS buffer, was added. After30 minutes on ice (in the dark), cells were washed three times, andspecific binding of the HuMabs was detected by flow cytometry on aFACSCalibur (BD Biosciences). HuMab-KLH was used as a negative control.Mouse anti-TF followed by PE-conjugated anti-mouse IgGFc was used aspositive control. Binding curves were analyzed using non-linearregression (sigmoidal dose-response with variable slope) using GraphPadPrism V4.03 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, Calif., USA).

FIG. 4 shows an example of binding curves of TF-specific HuMabs toMDA-MB-231 cells. Table 4 gives an overview of EC50 values of binding ofTF-specific HuMabs to TF transfected CHO cells (S1015-TF), MDA-MB-231,A431 and Bx-PC3 cells.

TABLE 4 Overview of EC50 and maximum mean fluorescence index (max MFI)values determined by FACS analysis of binding of TF-specific HuMabs todifferent cell types. MDA-MB-231 Bx-PC3 A431 S1015-TF-012 group HuMab TFEC50 Max MFI EC50 Max MFI EC50 Max MFI EC50 Max MFI I 13 1.58 2451 1.861305 8.04 3622 1.07 5207 I 44 0.87 1881 1.88 1136 1.45 2646 2.13 5021 I87-Lg6 8.28 1107 7.19 1030 nt nt nt nt II 11 0.47 2143 1.01 1280 0.202606 1.32 5654 II 017-D12 1.33 2401 1.61 1422 1.24 3296 1.21 5792 II 420.25 1518 2.45 1701 nt nt nt nt II 092-A09 0.53 2290 0.84 1262 0.83 31371.32 5409 II 101 0.85 2071 2.25 1220 3.16 2934 1.77 5859 II/III 98 0.991956 1.38 1151 1.40 2755 0.96 5229 II/III 114 0.47 2438 0.80 1407 0.903433 1.72 6095 III 3 3.20 1798 4.98 1106 6.94 2530 2.06 4247 III 25 0.692254 0.88 1320 5.19 3170 0.73 5808 III 109 2.16 2052 4.04 1324 1.74 31240.92 5629 III 111 1.03 1774 1.83 1128 2.88 3043 0.55 5353 EC50 valuesare in nM. Max MFI for MDA-MB-231, BxPC3 and A431 cells at 30 μg/mLantibody, for S1015-TF at 7.5 μg/mL antibody.

Example 15 Inhibition of FVIIa Binding to TF

Inhibition of binding of FVIIa to TFECDHis by TF-HuMabs was measured byELISA. ELISA plates were coated overnight with TFECDHis (0.5 μg/mL, 100μL per well). Plates were emptied, blocked with PBS containing 2% (v/v)chicken serum (1 hour, RT), and emptied again. 4-fold serial dilutionsof TF-HuMabs or HuMab-KLH (negative control) were added to the wellsfollowed by FVIIa at EC50 concentration (100 nM), and plates incubatedfor 1 hour at RT (while shaking, 300 rpm). Plates were washed andincubated with rabbit-anti-FVIIa (2.5 μg/mL; Abcam) as above. Plateswere washed and incubated with swine-anti-rabbit IgG-HRP antibody(1:2,500; DAKO). After washing, the immune complexes were visualizedusing ABTS as a substrate. The reaction was stopped by the addition of2% v/v oxalic acid followed by optical density measurement at 405 nmusing an ELISA reader. The concentration of antibody needed to obtain50% inhibition (IC50) was calculated using GraphPad prism (non linearregression analysis).

FIG. 5 shows that antibodies from cross-block groups II and IIIefficiently inhibited FVIIa binding to TF, while antibodies fromcross-block group I did not (or to a much lesser extent) inhibited FVIIabinding.

Table 5 shows IC50 values and maximum inhibition values (percentage) ofinhibition of FVIIa binding to TF by TF-specific HuMabs.

TABLE 5 IC50 values and maximum inhibition values (percentage) ofinhibition of FVIIa binding to TF by TF-specific HuMabs group HuMab TFIC50 nM max inhibition I 13 19.3 27 I 44 0.8 54 I 87-Lg6 na 35 II 11 1.191 II 017-D12 1.9 90 II 42 2.7 88 II 092-A09 1.5 90 II 101 0.6 84 II/III98 0.8 85 II/III 114 1.3 90 III 3 1.9 89 III 25 2.1 90 III 109 1.7 90III 111 1.7 79

Example 16 Inhibition of FVIIa Induced ERK Phosphorylation

Upon binding of coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa) to TF, phosphorylationof mitogen activated kinase (p42 and p44 MAPK or ERK1 and ERK2) istriggered. The epidermoid carcinoma cell line A431 expresses high levelsof TF, and after stimulation with FVIIa an optimal (3 to 5 fold) ERKphosphorylation (ERK-P), measured using the AlphaScreen Surefire ERKassay (Perkin Elmer), is induced within 10 minutes.

A431 cells (30,000 cells per well) were seeded in 96 well TC plates, andcultured O/N (37° C., 5% CO₂, 85% humidity) in serum-free medium (RPMIcontaining 20% HSA and penicillin/streptomycin). Medium was thenreplaced by DMEM (without additives) and cells were incubated for 1.5hours. 3 fold serial dilutions of TF-HuMabs or HuMab-KLH were added andcells incubated for 0.5 hours. Cells were then stimulated with FVIIa atEC80 concentration (50 nM; 10 minutes; 37° C., 5% CO₂, 85% humidity).Cells were washed once with PBS, and lysed using 25 μL lysis buffer(Perkin Elmer, Surefire kit). Lysates were centrifuged (3 minutes,330×g, RT). Four μL of supernatant was transferred to 384 wellProxiplates (Perkin Elmer). 7 μl Reaction buffer/Activation buffer mixcontaining AlphaScreen beads (Perkin Elmer Surefire kit) was added, andplates were incubated in the dark for 2 hours at RT. Plates were readusing the “Surefire Plus” protocol from EnVision technology.

FIG. 6 shows that, measured using the AlphaScreen Surefire ERK assay,antibody 013 does not inhibit FVIIa induced ERK phosphorylation, 044 and111 moderately inhibit ERK phosphorylation, and all other antibodiesefficiently block ERK phosphorylation.

Table 6 shows 1050 values and maximum inhibition values (percentage) ofinhibition of FVIIa induced ERK phosphorylation by TF-specific HuMabs,measured using the AlphaScreen Surefire ERK assay.

TABLE 6 IC50 values and maximum inhibition values (percentage) ofinhibition of FVIIa induced ERK phosphorylation (measured using theAlphaScreen Surefire ERK assay) by TF-specific HuMabs. group HuMab TFIC50 nM % max inhibition I 13 9.11 26 I 44 >66.6 45 I 87-Lg6 nt nt II 110.79 69 II 017-D12 2.01 65 II 42 nt nt II 092-A09 1.27 68 II 101 1.05 57II/III 98 1.89 64 II/III 114 1.08 68 III 3 7.99 63 III 25 2.16 66 III109 2.42 72 III 111 >66.6 52

The results obtained in the AlphaScreen Surefire ERK assay wereconfirmed by Western Blot analysis, using HaCaT and BxPC3 cell lines.30,000 cells/well were seeded in DMEM containing minimal concentrationsof serum (starvation medium), and cultured overnight. Cells were furthercultured for 2 hours in DMEM without serum, anti-TF antibodies wereadded during the final 30 minutes of culture. Cell were stimulated with0, 10 or 50 nM FVIIa for 10 minutes (37° C.), and subsequently lysed incell lysis buffer (50 μL lysis buffer per well, 30-60 minutes lysisunder shaking condition, RT). 25 μL SDS containing sample buffer wasadded to each sample. Samples were loaded onto SDS-PAGE gels, run andblotted using standard procedures for Western blotting. Blots wereblocked with TBST1× containing 5% irrelevant protein (ELK) for 1 hour atRT. Blots were incubated with rabbit anti-ERK-P antibody (O/N, 4° C.).Blots were washed with TBST1×, and incubated with anti-rabbit IgG HRP (1hour, RT), washed, developed using HRP substrate and imaged using OptigoUltima Imaging system (Isogen Life Sciences).

FIG. 6A shows the results in BxPC3 cells for a sub-panel of antibodies.ERK phosphorylation induced by 10 nM of FVIIa was not inhibited byantibody 013, while it was efficiently inhibited by antibodies 111, 044and 025 (the latter as an example for all other TF-specific HuMabsdescribed here). Stronger induced ERK phosphorylation (50 nM FVIIa) wasnot inhibited by antibodies 013, 111 and 044, but was inhibited byantibody 025.

Example 17 Inhibition of FVIIa Induced IL-8 Release

The ability of TF specific HuMabs to inhibit FVIIa induced release ofIL-8 was tested using MDA-MB-231 cells. Cells were seeded into 96 wellplates (60,000 cells/well) and cultured (O/N, 37° C., 5% CO₂) in DMEMcontaining CS, sodium pyruvate, I-glutamine, MEM NEAA andpenicillin/streptomycin. Tissue culture medium was removed, cells werewashed twice in serum free, high calcium medium (DMEM containingpenicillin/streptomycin), and cultured in this medium for an additional105 minutes. Serial dilutions of antibodies were added, and cellscultured for 15 minutes. FVIIa (Novo Nordisk; final concentration 10 nM)was added and cells were cultured for 5 hours. Supernatant was removedand centrifuged (300×g, RT). IL-8 concentrations in the supernatant weremeasured using an IL-8 ELISA kit according to the manufacturer'sprotocol (Sanquin).

FIG. 7 shows that antibodies from cross-block groups II and IIIefficiently inhibited FVIIa induced IL-8 release by MDA-MB-231 cells,with the exception of antibody 111 from cross-block group III.Antibodies from cross-block group I (013, 044 and 87-Lg6) all did notinhibit FVIIa induced IL-8 release.

Table 7 shows IC50 values and maximum inhibition values (percentage) ofinhibition of FVIIa induced IL-8 release by TF-specific HuMabs.

TABLE 7 IC50 values and maximum inhibition values (percentage) ofinhibition of FVIIa induced IL-8 release by TF-specific HuMabs. groupHuMab TF IC50 nM max inhibition I 13 na −0.3 I 44 74.6 17.2 I 87-Lg6 na4.3 II 11 9.4 61.7 II 017-D12 9.0 65.8 II 42 14.9 53.7 II 092-A09 28.266.6 II 101 22.7 74.9 II/III 98 9.3 59.0 II/III 114 9.2 71.5 III 3 23.776.2 III 25 23.1 75.6 III 109 13.6 70.4 III 111 >200 40.1

Example 18 Inhibition of FXa Generation

The ability of TF specific HuMabs to inhibit FXa generation was testedin an assay in which conversion of FX into FXa by the TF/FVIIa complexis measured using a colometric FXa specific substrate. TF (Innovin) wasadded to flatbottom 96 well plates, together with a serial dilution ofTF specific HuMabs, positive control (mouse anti-TF) of negative control(HuMab-KLH)(all diluted in Hepes buffer containing 3 mM CaCl₂. Plateswere incubated for 30 minutes at RT, and FVIIa (final concentration 1nM) and FX (ERL; final concentration 200 nM) was added. Plates wereincubated 30 minutes at 37° C. 50 μl from each well was transferred to a96 well plate containing (pre-heated, 37° C.) stop-buffer (5 mM EDTA in100 ml Hepes buffer). FXa specific substrate Chromogenix-2765(Instrumation Laboratory Company) was added, plates incubated for 60minutes at 37° C. and OD405 nm at 37° C. was measured.

FIG. 8 shows that antibody 017-D12 strongly inhibited FXa generation,013 demonstrated intermediate inhibition and other antibodies showed lowto no inhibition of FXa generation.

Table 8 shows IC50 values and maximum inhibition values (percentage) ofinhibition of FXa generation by TF-specific HuMabs.

TABLE 8 IC50 values and maximum inhibition values (percentage) ofinhibition of FXa generation by TF-specific HuMabs. HuMab % max group TFIC50 nM inhibition I 13 0.05 31 I 44 NA 3 I 87-Lg6 nt nt II 11 0.05 26II 017-D12 0.28 84 II 42 nt nt II 092-A09 0.30 21 II 101 nt nt II/III 980.43 14 II/III 114 0.24 21 III 3 0.07 21 III 25 0.30 19 III 109 0.09 18III 111 0.07 7

Example 19 Inhibition of Blood Coagulation

Inhibition of blood coagulation by TF-HuMabs was measured in an assaydetermining TF induced clotting time. Mixtures of 17 μl 100 mM CaCl₂(final conc. 17 mM), 10 μl 1:100 innovin (final conc. 1:1000), 23 μl1×HEPES-buffer and 50 μl serially diluted antibody were prepared in 96well plates. Fifty μl pooled human plasma was added to wells of Immulon2B plates (Thermo Electron). Fifty μl of the prepared antibody mixtureswas added to the Immulon 2b plates, and coagulation development at 405nm was measured every 15 sec for 25 min using a kinetic plate reader.The increase in optical density was plotted in time and clotting time(t1/2) was calculated. Clotting time was plotted against antibodyconcentration. IC50 of antibody induced inhibition of coagulation wascalculated from this by non linear regression analysis using GraphPadPrism.

FIG. 9 shows that antibody 044, 087 and 111 did not inhibit TF inducedblood coagulation, whereas all other antibodies did.

Table 9 shows IC50 values of inhibition of blood coagulation byTF-specific HuMabs.

TABLE 9 IC50 values of inhibition of blood coagulation by TF-specificHuMabs. group HuMab TF IC50 nM I 13 0.6 I 44 NA I 87-Lg6 NA II 11 1.6 II017-D12 2.6 II 42 1.5 II 092-A09 0.2 II 101 0.7 II/III 98 1.1 II/III 1140.4 III 3 7.3 III 25 2.3 III 109 7.6 III 111 NA

Example 20 Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Preparation ofTarget Cells:

TF expressing target cells (5×10⁶ Bx-PC3 cells, MDA-MB-231 cells or A431cells) were harvested, washed (twice in PBS, 1500 rpm, 5 min) andcollected in 1 ml RPMI 1640 culture medium supplemented with Cosmic CalfSerum, Sodium Pyruvate, L-Glutamine, MEM NEAA andPenicillin/Streptomycin, to which 100 μCi ⁵¹Cr (Chromium-51; AmershamBiosciences Europe GmbH, Roosendaal, The Netherlands) was added. Themixture was incubated in a shaking water bath for 1 hr at 37° C. Afterwashing of the cells (twice in PBS, 1500 rpm, 5 min), the cells wereresuspended in culture medium and viable cells counted by trypan blueexclusion. Viable cells were brought to a concentration of 1×10⁵cells/ml.

Preparation of Effector Cells:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from freshbuffy coats (Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) using standard Ficolldensity centrifugation according to the manufacturer's instructions(lymphocyte separation medium; Lonza, Verviers, France). Afterresuspension of cells in culture medium, cells were counted by trypanblue exclusion and brought to a concentration of 1×10⁷ cells/ml.

ADCC Set Up:

50 μl of ⁵¹Cr-labeled targets cells were transferred to microtiterwells, and 50 μl of serially diluted antibody was added, diluted inculture medium. Cells were incubated (RT, 15 min), and 50 μl effectorcells were added, resulting in an effector to target ratio of 100:1. Todetermine the maximum level of lysis, 100 μl 5% Triton-X100 was addedinstead of effector cells; to determine the spontaneous level of lysis,100 μl culture medium was added; to determine the level of antibodyindependent lysis, 50 μl effector cells and 50 μl culture medium wasadded). Subsequently, cells were incubated O/N at 37° C., 5% CO₂. Afterspinning down the cells (1200 rpm, 3 min), 75 μl of supernatant wastransferred to micronic tubes. The released ⁵¹Cr was counted in a gammacounter and the percentage of antibody mediated lysis was calculated asfollows:

((cpm sample−cpm antibody independent lysis)/(cpm maximal lysis−cpmspontaneous lysis))×100%

wherein cpm is counts per minute.

FIG. 10 shows that all tested TF-HuMabs induced lysis of Bx-PC3 cells byADCC, albeit with different efficiencies (EC50).

Table 10 shows EC50 values (nM) of ADCC of different cell lines byTF-specific HuMabs.

TABLE 10 EC50 values (nM) of ADCC of different cell lines by TF-specificHuMabs. MDA-MB- HuMab 231 Bx-PC3 A431 group TF EC50 EC50 EC50 I 13 0.060.07 0.11 I 44 0.08 0.12 0.19 I 87-Lg6 nt nt nt II 11 0.07 0.22 0.06 II017-D12 0.14 0.13 0.18 II 42 nt nt nt II 092-A09 0.11 0.13 0.22 II 1010.10 0.09 0.01 II/III 98 0.15 0.02 0.07 II/III 114 0.07 0.07 0.08 III 30.29 0.17 0.58 III 25 0.24 0.15 0.16 III 109 0.12 0.06 0.13 III 111 0.840.22 1.56

Example 21 Complement Deposition

Deposition of complement fragments C3c and C4c to TF-HuMab incubatedtarget cells was measured by FACS analysis. TF expressing target cells(Bx-PC3 or MDA-MB-231 cells) were plated in 96 well round bottom plates(1×10e5 cells/well) in RPMI containing 1% BSA. Antibody (30 μg/mL) wasadded and cells incubated at RT for 15 minutes. Twenty-five μL pooledhuman serum was added as a source of complement, heat inactivated humanserum was used to determine spontaneous complement binding. Cells wereincubated at 37° C. for 45 minutes. Cells were washed once, andincubated with anti-human C3c FITC or anti-human C4c FITC (DAKO) in FACSbuffer, and incubated for 30 minutes on ice. Samples were analyzed usingFACS Canto.

FIG. 11 shows that antibodies from cross-block group I did not induceC3c or C4c deposition on either BxPC3 or MDA-MB-231 cells. All testedantibodies from cross-block group II did induce C3c and C4c deposition,as did antibodies from cross-block group III, with the exception ofantibody 003.

Example 22 Avidity/Affinity Studies Determination of Affinity:

Antibody binding to TF was analyzed by surface plasmon resonance in aBIAcore 3000 (GE Healthcare). TFECDHis was used for the analysis. HuMabantibodies (500 resonance units) were immobilized on the CM-5 sensorchip according to the procedure recommended by the manufacturer.Briefly, after surface activation by EDC and NHS HuMab antibody wasinjected over the activated CM-5 surface in 10 mM sodium-acetate, pHranging from 4.0 to 5.5 at 5 μl/min. followed by 1 M Ethanolamine fordeactivation. Concentration series of TFECDHis in HBS-EP buffer wereinjected over the immobilized antibodies at a flow rate of 30 μl/min for180 sec. Regeneration of the HuMab surface was performed by injection of10 mM Glycine-HCl pH 2.0 or 10 mM sodium acetate pH 3.0. Kineticanalysis was performed using double reference subtraction and model 1:1(langmuir) binding analysis.

Table 11 shows for most HuMabs the determined affinity in (sub)nanomolar range. Not from all antibodies the kinetic parameters could bedetermined. 044 did give a high variation in off-rates (kd) and had highresiduals, which means that the fitting of the curves was not well. 098,111 and 087-Lg6 had off-rates which where too high for the Biacore 3000to measure.

TABLE 11 Kinetic constants of TF-HuMabs for reactivity withTFECDHis-affinity measurements. group HuMab TF affinity nM ka (1/Ms) kd(1/s) I 13 2.78 5.67E+05 1.57E−03 I 44 n.a. 8.77E+04 variable I 87-Lg6n.a. 5.91E+05 n.a. II 11 3.15 2.86E+05 9.02E−04 II 017-D12 2.55 1.02E+052.59E−04 II 42 4.22 1.64E+05 6.90E−04 II 092-A09 14.1 1.42E+05 2.00E−03II 101 3.4 3.18E+05 1.07E−03 II/III 98 n.a. 2.90E+05 n.a. II/III 114 111.77E+05 1.95E−03 III 3 4.51 2.33E+05 1.26E−03 III 25 1.97 3.29E+056.50E−04 III 109 4.75 1.65E+05 7.77E−04 III 111 n.a. 2.13E+05 n.a. n.a.not assessable => 10⁻³ sec⁻¹

Determination of Avidity:

TF (TFECDHis) binding to TF-specific HuMabs was determined essentiallyas described above, with TFECDHis being immobilized on the CM-5 sensorchip (300 resonance units), and concentration series of Humab antibodiesused for kinetic analysis. Kinetic analysis was performed using doublereference subtraction and model 1:1 (langmuir) binding analysis. Table12 shows avidity measurements for antibodies 11, 98, 109 and 111.Whereas affinity measurements for 98 and 111 indicated high-off rates(beyond the limits of determination by Biacore (i.e. >10⁻³)), aviditydetermination revealed interaction in the nanomolar range.

TABLE 12 Kinetic constants of TFECDHIS for reactivity withTF-HuMabs-avidity measurements. HuMab avidity Group TF nM II 11 0.47II/III 98 4.85 III 109 0.01 III 111 0.11

Example 23 Immunohistochemical Analysis of Binding to Normal HumanTissues and Pancreatic Tumors

Binding of TF-HuMabs to various human tissues known to express TF(colon, heart, kidney, skin, lung and brain) was determined byimmunohistochemistry (IHC).

IHC on Frozen Tissue

Frozen tissue sections were cut (4-6 μm thickness) and fixated inacetone. Endogenous tissue peroxidase (PO) was blocked and tissue slideswere pre-incubated with normal human serum to prevent aspecific bindingof later applied antibodies to endogenous Fc receptors. Mouse-Abdirected against human TF (and negative control mouse Ab) was applied atthe tissues at optimal dilution and subsequently detected withPowervision-PO (Goat anti-mouse/-rabbit IgG)-PO. TF-specific HuMabs werecoupled to Fab′ goat anti-human IgG (Fc)-FITC and thereafter applied tothe frozen tissue slides at 3 dilutions, including a pre-determinedoptimal dilution. Subsequently the HuMab—Fab-FITC complex was detectedby rabbit anti-FITC and Powervision-PO. PO activity was visualized withAEC as substrate and nuclei were visualized with hematoxylin. Stainingwas analyzed by brightfield microscope.

IHC with Mouse Ab on Formalin Fixated and Paraffin Embedded (FFPE)Tissue

FFPE tissue biopsies were cut at 4 μm, de-paraffinized, blocked forendogenous tissue peroxidase and subjected to antigen retrieval (pH6,citrate buffer). Prior to the incubation with the mouse-Ab tissue slideswere preincubated in normal human serum to prevent aspecific binding toendogenous Fc receptors. Mouse Ab directed against human TF (andnegative control mouse Ab) was applied to the tissue slides at optimaldilution and subsequently detected with Powervision-PO (Goatanti-mouse/-rabbit IgG)-PO. PO activity was visualized with AEC assubstrate and nuclei were visualized with hematoxylin. Staining wasanalyzed by brightfield microscope.

FIG. 12 shows an example of binding of antibody 013 (positive staining),011 (positive staining), 114 (positive staining) and 111 (intermediatestaining) to kidney glomeruli. Antibody 098 and 044 did not bindglomeruli.

Table 13 gives an overview of staining results for all TF-HuMabs inhuman kidney all tissues examined.

TABLE 13 IHC staining of human glomeruli HuMab IHC human Group TFglomeruli I 13 + I 44 − I 87-Lg6 nt II 11 + II 017-D12 + II 42 nt II092-A09 nt II 101 + II/III 98 − II/III 114 + III 3 + III 25 nt III 109 +III 111 +/−

Table 14 gives an overview of staining results of selected TF-specificHuMabs in human kidney, colon, heart, cerebrum and skin as well as inhuman pancreatic tumors.

TABLE 14 IHC staining of normal human tissue and pancreatic tumors. AbHu Kidney Hu Colon Hu Heart Hu Carobrum Hu Skin panc tumor 13 renalcorpulus + basal membrane ++ − + epidermis + +++ 114 renal corpulus ++basal membrane ++ − ++ epidermis ++ ++++ 11 renal corpulus + basalmembrane ++ − ++ n.a. (+) +++ 44 − basal membrane + − +/− n.a. ++ 98 −basal membrane + − +/− n.a. (+) +++ 111 renal corpulus +/− basalmembrane + − + n.a. +++

IHC analysis of binding of TF-HuMabs to human pancreatic tumors revealedpositive staining for all TF-HuMabs (exemplified in FIG. 13).

Example 24 Treatment of Established MDA-MB-231 Tumor Xenograft inMammary Fat Dads of SCID Mice

The in vivo efficacy of TF-HuMabs was determined in establishedorthotopic MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumors in SCID mice. 2×10⁶ tumor cellsin PBS were injected s.c. in the 2nd mammary fat pad of female SCIDmice, followed by treatment with TF-HuMabs or control mAb (HuMab-KLH),starting at a moment that tumor sizes became measurable. Antibodies wereinjected on day 21 (260 μg/mouse), day 28 (130 μg/mouse) and day 42 (130μg/mouse). Tumor volume was determined at least 2×/week. Volumes (mm³)were calculated from caliper (PLEXX) measurements as0.52×(length)×(width).

FIG. 14 shows that antibodies 114, 111, 013, 098, 011 and 044 were alleffective in inhibiting growth of established orthotopic MDA-MB-231tumors.

Example 25 Pilot Repeat Dosing of a TF-Specific HuMab in CynomolgusMonkeys

To obtain initial information on the toxicology of TF-specific HuMabs,including an assessment of the ability of the antibodies to interferewith the coagulation cascade and hence potentially increase the bleedingrisk in exposed animals, a pilot repeat dosing study in cynomolgusmonkeys was performed.

Two male and two female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), ageapproximately 2 years, received intravenous injections of antibody 011:

day 1 of study: 0 mg/kg (vehicle only)

day 8: 1 mg/kg; 1 mL/minute

day 15: 10 mg/kg; 1 mL/minute

day 22: 100 mg/kg; 1 mL/minute

The animals were followed until day 27, at which time point the animalswere euthanized for necropsy and histological evaluation of organs.

The main end point of the study were:

clinical observations: determined daily, signs of bleeding from gums,eyes.

functional bleeding time and blood loss: determined on days 1, 8, 15 and22 (1, 24 and 120 h post dosing) and at two pre-trial time points.

blood/traces of blood/clots: HE stain of all tissues (determined attissues obtained at final sacrifice)

blood in urine, feces, vomit: determined daily/weekly.

No apparent toxicity of repeated, increasing dosing of antibody 011 wasobserved. The animals showed no clinical signs and there was noindication of cytokine release. In addition, there were no apparentclinical signs of a compromised coagulation system or systemicbleedings. At the 1 h post dose time-point, the mean bleeding time onDay 22 was significantly higher than that seen on Day 1 (p=0.012). Therewere no other statistically significant differences between Days 8, 15and 22 compared with Day 1. Furthermore, it was found that there was noapparent toxicity to major organs and no adverse hematological effects.The preliminary conclusion on the histological evaluation of tissuesfrom this study is that there were no histology findings in the fourtreated animals that could be attributed to treatment with the testitem.

FIG. 15 shows the individual data points for each animal (duplicatesamples) as a function of time. Bleeding time for 4 animals weredetermined on days 1, 8, 15 and 22 (1, 24 and 120 h) and at twopre-trial time points.

Example 26 Preventive and Therapeutic Treatment of BxPC3 TumorXenografts in SCID Mice

The in vivo efficacy of TF-HuMabs in preventive or therapeutic treatmentof BxPC3 cell xenografts in SCID mice was determined. 10×10⁶ BxPC3 tumorcells in PBS were injected s.c. in female SCID mice, followed bytreatment with TF-HuMabs or control mAb (HuMab-KLH). For preventivetreatment, antibodies (400 μg/mouse) were injected i.p. 1 hour aftertumor induction. For therapeutic treatment, antibody injection (300μg/mouse) was started on day 8 after tumor induction, followed by weeklyantibody injections (150 μg/mouse). Tumor volume was determined at least2×/week. Volumes (mm³) were calculated from caliper (PLEXX) measurementsas 0.52×(length)×(width).

FIG. 16 shows that TF-specific HuMabs are capable of preventive as welltherapeutic treatment of BxPC3 xenograft tumors.

Example 27 DNA Shuffling Between Murine and Human TF to DetermineDomains Important for Binding of Anti-TF HuMabs

To determine domains important for binding of anti-TF HuMabs to humanTF, DNA shuffling was performed between human and murine TF. Shuffleconstructs were prepared from DNA encoding human TF, by replacing humandomains with murine domains and from DNA encoding murine TF by replacingmurine domains with human domains. If a domain in human TF is importantfor binding of an anti-TF HuMab, binding will be lost upon replacementof that domain with the murine domain. Human and murine TF are 57%homologous on protein level. FIGS. 17 A and 17 B show the constructs forhuman TF containing murine TF domains (TFhs, containing TFmm domains)and for murine TF containing human TF domains. HEK293F cells weretransiently transfected with the constructs or with the vector alone(pcDNA3.3SP; mock). FACS analysis was performed essentially as describedsupra, with 30 μg/mL purified parental material. HuMab-KLH was used as acontrol Ab.

FIG. 17 shows that all but one anti-TF HuMabs bind solely to human TFand not to murine TF. HuMab-TF-003 shows some binding to murine TF.

FIG. 18 A to O shows the results for binding of the different anti-TFHuMabs to the constructs expressed on HEK293F cells. These results aresummarized in Table 15. In this table the anti-TF HuMabs are classifiedin groups, based on the domains on human TF that are important forbinding of these HuMabs.

TABLE 15 Shuffle constructs: HuMabs that show decreased TFhs- binding  1-41 mm None  42-84 mm 11, 17, 42, 92, 98, 101, 111  85-122 mm 25, 42,98, 109, 111 123-137 mm 44, 114 185-225 mm 13, 27, 44, 87 226-250 mm 44Groups based on binding to shuffle constructs HuMabs in the group 1.42-84 11, 17, 92, 101 2. 42-84 + 85-122 42, 98, 111 3. 85-122 25, 109 4.123-137 114 5. 185-225 13, 27, 87 6. 123-137 + 185-225 + 226-250 44

Example 28 Binding of Fab Fragments of Anti-TF HuMabs to theExtracellular Domain of TF, Determined by ELISA, and to Cellular TF onBxPC3 Cells. Determined by FACS

Binding of Fab fragments of anti-TF HuMabs to TF was measured by ELISA(coated extracellular domain of TF) and by FACS (TF on BxPC3 cells).ELISA was performed essentially as described supra. Bound Fab fragmentswere detected using HRP-conjugated donkey-anti human H+L. FACS analysiswas performed essentially as described supra. FITC-conjugated goatanti-human IgG (H+L) (Jackson) was used to detect bound lead candidates.Fluorescence was measured on a FACSCantoII. Binding curves were analyzedas described supra, using GraphPad Prism 5 software.

FIG. 19 shows less binding of HuMab-TF-098 and -111 Fab fragments to theextracellular domain of TF, compared to -011 Fab fragments, measured byELISA.

FIG. 20 shows less binding of HuMab-TF-098 and -111 Fab fragments tocellular TF, compared to -011 Fab fragments, measured by FACS on BxPC3cells.

Table 16 shows EC50 values of HuMab-TF Fab fragments for binding to theextracellular domain of TF by ELISA and to cellular TF by FACS on BxPC3cells.

TABLE 16 Overview of EC50 values for binding of HuMab-TF Fab fragmentsto the extracellular domain of TF, determined by ELISA, and to cellularTF on BxPC3 cells, determined by FACS. HuMab-TF EC50 (ELISA) EC50 (FACS)011 0.04 0.132 013 0.03 0.301 044 0.59 8.040 098 1.98 n.a. 109 0.020.143 111 3.14 na EC50 values are in μg/mL. na—could not be calculated.

Example 29 Binding of Anti-TF HuMabs to Cell Lines Expressing DifferentLevels of TF

Binding of anti-TF HuMabs to membrane-bound TF on cell lines expressingdifferent levels of TF was determined by FACS analysis, essentially asdescribed supra. Mouse anti-TF antibody followed by PE-conjugatedanti-mouse IgGFc was used as a positive control. Fluorescence wasmeasured on a FACSCantoII. Binding curves were analyzed essentially asdescribed supra, using GraphPad Prism 5 software. The amount of TFmolecules on cell lines was determined by Qifi kit (Dako, Glostrup,Denmark), according to the manufacturer's instructions. It wasdetermined that SW480 cells express ˜20,000 molecules of TF per cell,SK-OV-3 cells express ˜60,000 molecules per cell, AsPC-1 cells express˜175,000 molecules per cell and MDA-MB-231 cells express ˜900,000molecules per cell.

FIG. 21 HuMab-TF-98 and -111 display similar binding characteristics asHuMab-TF-11, -13 and 109 in the high TF expressing cell line MDA-MD-231.In the cell lines with lower TF molecules per cell, for example theSK-OV-3 and SW480 cell lines, HuMab-TF-98 and 111 display differentbinding characteristics as compared to the other HuMab-TF antibodies.

1-88. (canceled)
 89. A human antibody which binds human Tissue Factor(TF), wherein the antibody competes for TF binding with an antibodycomprising a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 and a VLregion comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, and competes for TFbinding with an antibody comprising a VH region comprising the sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 37 and a VL region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:93.
 90. The antibody of claim 89, wherein the antibody comprises: a) aVH region comprising the CDR 1, 2, and 3 sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 6, 7,and 8, respectively, and a VL region comprising the CDR 1, 2, and 3sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 62, 63, and 64, respectively, or b) a VH regioncomprising the CDR 1, 2, and 3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 50, 51, and 52,respectively, and a VL region comprising the CDR 1, 2, and 3 sequencesof SEQ ID NO: 106, 107, and 108, respectively.
 91. The antibody of claim89 comprising: a) a VH region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5and a VL region comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, or b) a VHregion comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49 and a VL regioncomprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 105. 92. The antibody of claim 89,wherein the antibody is effective in inhibiting growth of establishedMDA-MB-231 tumors, when determined by the method described in Example 24and/or in inhibiting growth of established BxPC3 tumors, when determinedby the method described in Example
 26. 93. The antibody of claim 89,wherein the antibody inhibits TF-induced blood coagulation with a medianinhibition concentration of less than 10 nM, when determined asdescribed in the assay in Example
 19. 94. The antibody of claim 89,wherein the antibody inhibits FVIIa binding to TF, with a maximuminhibition value of inhibition of more than 80%, when determined asdescribed in the assay in Example
 15. 95. The antibody of claim 89,wherein the antibody inhibits FVIIa-induced IL-8 release by MDA-MB-231cells, with a maximum inhibition value of inhibition of more than 40%,when determined in as described in the assay in Example
 17. 96. Theantibody of claim 89, wherein the antibody inhibits conversion of FXinto FXa by the TF/FVIIa complex, by less than 50%, when determined asdescribed in the assay in Example
 18. 97. The antibody of claim 89,wherein said antibody inhibits FVIIa induced ERK phosphorylation, with amedian inhibition concentration of less than 10 nM when determined asdescribed in the assay in Example
 16. 98. The antibody of claim 89,wherein the antibody inhibits ERK phosphorylation with a medianinhibition concentration of less than 10 nM, when determined asdescribed in the assay in Example 16, and do not inhibit FVII inducedIL-8 release with a median inhibition concentration of 10 nM asdescribed in the assay in Example
 17. 99. The antibody of claim 89,wherein the antibody is capable of inducing C3c and C4c deposition. 100.The antibody of claim 89, wherein the antibody binds to theextracellular domain of TF as described in Example 28 with an EC₅₀ valueof above 1.0 μg/mL, as measured by ELISA.
 101. The antibody of claim 89,wherein the antibody binds to the extracellular domain of TF asdescribed in Example 28 with an EC₅₀ value of below 10 μg/mL, asmeasured by ELISA.
 102. The antibody of claim 89, wherein the antibodybinds to human TF and not murine TF and shows reduced binding ascompared to binding to human TF to the shuffle construct 42-84 mm,containing the human sequence for TF except for amino acid 42-84, whichhas been replaced with mouse sequence, as described in Example
 27. 103.The antibody of claim 89, wherein the antibody binds to human TF and notmurine TF and shows reduced binding as compared to binding to human TFto the shuffle construct 85-122 mm, containing the human sequence for TFexcept for amino acid 85-122, which has been replaced with mousesequence, as described in Example
 27. 104. The antibody of claim 89,wherein the antibody exhibits no binding to human glomeruli, but doesexhibit binding to pancreatic tumors.
 105. The antibody of claim 89wherein the antibody inhibits the growth of established BX-PC3 tumors.106. The antibody of claim 89, wherein the antibody further has one ormore of the following properties: inhibition of proliferation,inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, induction of apoptosis of tumor cells,or binding to alternatively spliced TF.
 107. The antibody of claim 89,wherein the antibody is a full-length antibody.
 108. The antibody ofclaim 89, wherein the antibody is conjugated to another moiety.
 109. Theantibody of claim 89, wherein the antibody is an effectorfunction-deficient antibody.
 110. The antibody of claim 109, wherein theeffector function-deficient antibody is a stabilized human IgG4antibody.
 111. The antibody of claim 89, wherein the antibody is amonovalent antibody.
 112. The antibody of claim 111, wherein saidmonovalent antibody is constructed by a method comprising: i) providinga nucleic acid construct encoding the light chain of said monovalentantibody, said construct comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding theVL region of a selected antigen specific antibody and a nucleotidesequence encoding the constant CL region of an Ig, wherein saidnucleotide sequence encoding the VL region of a selected antigenspecific antibody and said nucleotide sequence encoding the CL region ofan Ig are operably linked together, and wherein, in case of an IgG1subtype, the nucleotide sequence encoding the CL region has beenmodified such that the CL region does not contain any amino acidscapable of forming disulfide bonds or covalent bonds with other peptidescomprising an identical amino acid sequence of the CL region in thepresence of polyclonal human IgG or when administered to an animal orhuman being; ii) providing a nucleic acid construct encoding the heavychain of said monovalent antibody, said construct comprising anucleotide sequence encoding the VH region of a selected antigenspecific antibody and a nucleotide sequence encoding a constant CHregion of a human Ig, wherein the nucleotide sequence encoding the CHregion has been modified such that the region corresponding to the hingeregion and, as required by the Ig subtype, other regions of the CHregion, such as the CH3 region, does not comprise any amino acidresidues which participate in the formation of disulphide bonds orcovalent or stable non-covalent inter-heavy chain bonds with otherpeptides comprising an identical amino acid sequence of the CH region ofthe human Ig in the presence of polyclonal human IgG or whenadministered to an animal human being, wherein said nucleotide sequenceencoding the VH region of a selected antigen specific antibody and saidnucleotide sequence encoding the CH region of said Ig are operablylinked together; iii) providing a cell expression system for producingsaid monovalent antibody; and iv) producing said monovalent antibody byco-expressing the nucleic acid constructs of (i) and (ii) in cells ofthe cell expression system of (iii).
 113. The antibody of claim 111,wherein the monovalent antibody comprises (i) a variable region of anantibody which binds TF or an antigen binding part of the said region,and (ii) a C_(H) region of an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereofcomprising the C_(H)2 and C_(H)3 regions, wherein the C_(H) region orfragment thereof has been modified such that the region corresponding tothe hinge region and, if the immunoglobulin is not an IgG4 subtype,other regions of the C_(H) region, such as the C_(H)3 region, do notcomprise any amino acid residues, which are capable of forming disulfidebonds with an identical C_(H) region or other covalent or stablenon-covalent inter-heavy chain bonds with an identical C_(H) region inthe presence of polyclonal human IgG.
 114. The antibody of claim 111,wherein the heavy chain has been modified such that the entire hinge hasbeen deleted.
 115. A bispecific molecule comprising the antibody ofclaim 89 and a second binding specificity.
 116. An expression vectorcomprising a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more of the amino acidsequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-112. 117.The expression vector of claim 116, further comprising a nucleotidesequence encoding the constant region of a light chain, a heavy chain,or both light and heavy chains of a human antibody.
 118. A recombinanteukaryotic or prokaryotic host cell which produces an antibody of claim89.
 119. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody of claim89 and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 120. A method for treatingcancer comprising administering to a subject with cancer atherapeutically effective amount of the antibody of claim
 89. 121. Themethod of claim 120, further comprising administering one or morefurther therapeutic agents.
 122. A method for inhibiting growth and/orproliferation of a tumor cell expressing Tissue Factor, comprisingadministering, to an individual in need thereof, the antibody of claim89.
 123. A method for producing the antibody of claim 89, said methodcomprising a) culturing a host cell which produces the antibody, and b)purifying the antibody from the culture media.
 124. A diagnosticcomposition comprising the antibody of claim
 89. 125. A method fordetecting the presence of Tissue Factor (TF) in a sample, comprising:contacting the sample with the antibody of claim 89 under conditionsthat allow for formation of a complex between the antibody or bispecificmolecules and TF; and analyzing whether a complex has been formed. 126.A kit for detecting the presence of Tissue Factor in a sample comprisingan antibody of claim 89; and instructions for use.